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Source to Destination Delivery in Networking

Chapter 22 discusses the network layer's functions including delivery, forwarding, and routing. It covers forwarding techniques, routing tables, and the differences between static and dynamic routing tables, as well as various routing protocols like distance vector, link state, and multicast routing. The chapter also includes illustrations and notes on concepts such as classless addressing and the Dijkstra algorithm.

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10 views31 pages

Source to Destination Delivery in Networking

Chapter 22 discusses the network layer's functions including delivery, forwarding, and routing. It covers forwarding techniques, routing tables, and the differences between static and dynamic routing tables, as well as various routing protocols like distance vector, link state, and multicast routing. The chapter also includes illustrations and notes on concepts such as classless addressing and the Dijkstra algorithm.

Uploaded by

bsvk.vamsi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 22

Network Layer:
Delivery, Forwarding,
and Routing

22.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 22.1 Direct and indirect delivery

22.2
22-2 FORWARDING

Forwarding means to place the packet in its route to


its destination. Forwarding requires a host or a router
to have a routing table. When a host has a packet to
send or when a router has received a packet to be
forwarded, it looks at this table to find the route to the
final destination.

Topics discussed in this section:


Forwarding Techniques
Forwarding Process
Routing Table

22.3
Figure 22.2 Route method versus next-hop method

22.4
Figure 22.3 Host-specific versus network-specific method

22.5
Figure 22.4 Default method

22.6
Figure 22.5 Simplified forwarding module in classless address

22.7
Note

In classless addressing, we need at


least four columns in a routing table.

22.8
Figure 22.7 Address aggregation

22.9
Figure 22.8 Longest mask matching

22.10
Figure 22.10 Common fields in a routing table

22.11
Figure 22.11 Configuration of the server for Example 22.6

22.12
22-3 UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS
A routing table can be either static or dynamic. A
static table is one with manual entries. A dynamic
table is one that is updated automatically when there is
a change somewhere in the Internet. A routing
protocol is a combination of rules and procedures that
lets routers in the Internet inform each other of
changes.
Topics discussed in this section:
Optimization
Intra- and Interdomain Routing
Distance Vector Routing and RIP
Link State Routing and OSPF
Path Vector Routing and BGP
22.13
Figure 22.13 Popular routing protocols

22.14
Figure 22.14 Distance vector routing tables

22.15
Figure 22.15 Initialization of tables in distance vector routing

22.16
Note

In distance vector routing, each node


shares its routing table with its
immediate neighbors periodically and
when there is a change.

22.17
Figure 22.16 Updating in distance vector routing

22.18
Figure 22.17 Two-node instability

22.19
Figure 22.18 Three-node instability

22.20
Figure 22.20 Concept of link state routing

22.21
Figure 22.21 Link state knowledge

22.22
Figure 22.22 Dijkstra algorithm

22.23
Figure 22.23 Example of formation of shortest path tree

22.24
Table 22.2 Routing table for node A

22.25
22-4 MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS

In this section, we discuss multicasting and multicast


routing protocols.

Topics discussed in this section:


Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast
Applications
Multicast Routing
Routing Protocols

22.26
Figure 22.33 Unicasting

22.27
Note

In unicasting, the router forwards the


received packet through
only one of its interfaces.

22.28
Figure 22.34 Multicasting

22.29
Note

In multicasting, the router may


forward the received packet
through several of its interfaces.

22.30
Figure 22.35 Multicasting versus multiple unicasting

22.31

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