TISSUES

What is a tissue?
group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance (matrix)

Histology:
study of tissues
Types of Tissues

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous
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 1. Epithelial Tissues
• Location:
- cover body (internal and external)
- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc.

✘ Characteristics:
- cells close together (very little
extracellular
matrix)
- form most glands
- have free surface
- Basal surface:
attaches epithelial cells to 7

underlying tissues
 Functions of Epithelial
Tissues
1. Protect: ✘ Classified according
Ex. Skin
to number of cell
2. Act as a barrier:
Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out layers and cell
3. Diffusion and Filtration: shape
Ex. Lungs and kidneys ✘ Simple and stratified =
4. Secretion:
Ex. Sweat glands number of cell layers
5. Absorption: ✘ Squamous, cuboidal,
Ex. Small intestine columnar,
transitional= cell
shape
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 Types of Epithelial Tissues
✘ Simple Squamous
• Simple Epithelium Structure: 1 layer of flat,
Structure: 1 layer tile-like cells
Function: diffusion and
of cells filtration
Location: blood vessels,
lungs, heart, kidneys
• Stratified
Epithelium
Structure: many ✘ Simple Cuboidal
Structure: 1 layer of
layers of cells square-shaped cells
Function: secretion
Location: glands, ovaries,
kidneys 11
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• Simple Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
Function: secrete mucus and absorption
Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract

• Pseudostratified Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
appears stratified but isn’t
Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of
resp. tract (cilia)
Location: nasal cavity and trachea

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• Stratified Squamous
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells
Function: protect and acts as a barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus

• Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes
shape (stretched squamous, not
stretched
cuboidal)
Function: hold fluids
Location: urinary bladder
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 Glands
Types of Exocrine Glands
• What are they? ✘Simple:
structures that secrete substances no branches
onto a surface, into a cavity, or ✘
into
Compound:
blood
many branches
• Exocrine glands:
✘Tubular:
- glands with ducts
end of duct
- Ex. Sweat or oil glands
✘Alveolus:
• Endocrine glands:
sac-like structure
– no ducts (directly into
bloodstream)
– Ex. Thyroid, thymus,
pituitary glands, etc. 22
Figure 4.3
Keratinized vs Non- keratinized
Keratinized Non-Keratinized
Feature
Epithelium Epithelium
Dead, flat, Alive, moist, with
Surface cells
keratin-filled nuclei
Protection from Moist surface,
Function
friction, drying protection

Texture Dry and tough Soft and moist

Mouth (inner
Common Skin, gums, cheek),
locations tongue esophagus,
vagina
2. Connective Tissues
• Cells far apart
• Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix
• Classified based on type of extracellular
matrix and function
• Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve
• Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in
varying amounts): protein fibers, ground
substance, fluid
• Ground substance: proteins and sugars
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 Types of Protein Fibers

• Collagen fibers:
look like ropes and are flexible but resist
stretching
• Reticular fibers:
supporting network that fills spaces between
organs and tissues
• Elastic fibers:
recoil after being stretched

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 Functions of Connective Tissue
1. Enclose and separate: Ex. around organs and muscles
2. Connect tissues:
Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone
3. Support and Movement: Ex. bones
4. Storage: Ex. bones store calcium and adipose tissue
stores fat
5. Cushion and insulate:
Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and helps conserve heat
6. Transport: Ex. Blood
7. Protect: Ex. Immune cells

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 Types of Ordinary Connective Tissue
• Loose
Location: between organs, muscles,
glands, skin
Structure: collagen fibers far apart
Function: support and protect

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• Dense
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
Structure: collagen fibers packed close
together
Function: connect and can withstand
pulling

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Adipose
Location: under skin and around organs
Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled
with lipids
Function: storage, insulate, cushion

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 Cartilage Types of Cartilage

✘ Hyaline cartilage
• Type of connective Location: covers ends of bones
tissue Structure: some collagen fibers
Function: reduces friction
• Composed of (cushion)
chondrocytes ✘ Fibrocartilage
Location: between vertebra
• Contains collagen Structure: lots of collagen fibers

• Withstands Function: can withstand

compression
compressions ✘ Elastic cartilage
Location: ear and tip of nose
• Provides support,
Structure: elastic fibers
flexibility, strength Function: can recoil 32
35
 Bone
• Hard connective tissue
• 2 types: compact and spongy
• Composed of osteocytes

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 Blood

• Liquid connective tissue

• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
• Transport food, oxygen, waste,
hormones

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 3. Muscular Tissue
Muscle type Nucleus/i Nucleus/i location Striated

Skeletal many peripheral Y

(most muscle)

Cardiac 1 centrally Y
(heart)

Smooth 1 centrally N
(organs)

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41
Table Art 4.11a
Table Art 4.11b
Table Art 4.11c
 4. Nervous Tissue
• Consist of neurons or
nerve cells and glial
cells
• Found in brain, spinal
cord, and peripheral
nerves
• Controls and
coordinates body
movements
• Includes axons,
dendrites, cell bodies

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 Tissue Repair Inflammation

• What is it?
substitution of dead cells ✘ Occurs when tissues are
for viable cells damaged
• Regeneration:
cells of same type
✘ Signals the body’s
develop (no scar) defenses (white blood
• Replacement: cells) to destroy foreign
cells of a different type materials and damaged
develop (scar) cells so repair can occur.
✘ Chemical mediators:
- released after injury
- cause dilation of blood
vessels 49
Symptoms of Inflammation

[Link]: blood vessels dilate

2. Heat: due to increased blood flow
3. Swelling: from water and proteins
[Link]: nerve endings are stimulated by
damage and swelling

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 Specialized cells
• Animal and plant cells are adapted for different functions
• The way the cell is formed depends on the job it must
perform
 Specialization
• Many organisms are multi-cellular - they are
made up of lots of cells, not just one!
• Many of these cells are specialized, sharing the
life processes (they work together as a team,
supporting the organism)

• Specialized cells occur in both animals and

plants…
Types of Modification

1. Apical Modification
(Cilia, Flagellum, Microvilli and Pseudopodia)

2. Basal Modification
3. Lateral Modification
1. CILIA

• A cilium (plural
cilia) is an organelle
found in eukaryotic
cells.
• Cilia are slender
protuberances that
project from the
much larger cell
body.
 Types of cilia
Motile cilia:
•Motile cilia are usually present on a cell's surface in
large numbers and beat in coordinated waves.
•For example, motile cilia are found in the lining of
the trachea (windpipe), where they sweep mucus
and dirt out of the lungs.
•In female mammals, the beating of cilia in the
Fallopian tubes moves the ovum from the ovary to
the uterus

•Non-motile. (Primary cilia):

•Usually occur one per cell;all mammalian cells have
a single non-motile primary cilium.
•For example, sensory organs like eye and nose
Axoneme:
•Inner core of cilia consists of a
Structure of Cilia
cytoskeleton called axoneme
•The axoneme of primary cilia typically
has a ring of nine outer microtubule
doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme),
•The axoneme of a motile cilium has
two central microtubule doublets in
addition to the nine outer doublets
(called a 9+2 axoneme).
•At the base of the cilium where the
cilia attaches to the cell body is the
microtubule organizing center, the
basal body.
•Basal bodies are identical to centrioles
and are, in fact, produced by them.
Functions of primary cilia

• Mechanoreceptors
A primary cilium extends from the apical surface of
the epithelial cells lining the kidney tubules and
monitors the flow of fluid through the tubules.
• chemoreceptors
Detect odors by receptors on the primary cilium of
olfactory neurons.
• Photoreceptors
The outer segment of the rods in the vertebrate retina
is also derived from a primary cilium.
Function of motile cilia

Motile cilia for the transport of fluids (e.g.

transport of mucus by stationary ciliated cells in
the trachea). However, cilia are also used for
locomotion (through liquids) in organisms such
as Paramecium.
2. FLAGELLA TYPES OF FLAGELLA

It is a tail-like
projection that
protrudes from the
cell body of certain
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, and
functions in
locomotion.
 Structure of flagellum:
• A eukaryotic flagellum is a bundle of
nine fused pairs of microtubule
doublets surrounding two central
single microtubules.
• The so-called "9+2" structure is
characteristic of the core of the
eukaryotic flagellum called an
axoneme. At the base of a
eukaryotic flagellum is a basal body.
• Basal bodies are structurally
identical to centrioles. The flagellum
is encased within the cell's plasma
membrane, so that the interior of the
flagellum is accessible to the cell's
cytoplasm
 Flagella v/s cilia:

• Though eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia

are ultrastructurally identical, the beating
pattern of the two organelles can be
different.
• In the case of flagella (e.g. the tail of a
sperm) the motion is propeller-like.
• Beating of motile cilia consists of
coordinated back-and-forth cycling of
many cilia on the cell surface.
 Function of flagella:

•Flagella serve for the propulsion of single

cells (e.g. swimming of protozoa and
spermatozoa), and motile cilia for the
transport of fluids (e.g. transport of mucus
by stationary ciliated cells in the trachea).
However, cilia are also used for
locomotion (through liquids) in organisms
such as Paramecium.
A flagellum is a tail-like appendage that
protrudes from certain plant and animal
sperm cells, and from a wide range of
microorganisms to provide motility.
 3. MICROVILLI

•Microvilli (singular:
microvillus) are
microscopic cellular
membrane
protrusions that
increase the surface
area of cells
 Location of microvilli:
• Thousands of microvilli form a
structure called the brush
border that is found on the
apical surface of some
epithelial cells,
Example
• Small intestinal enterocyte
• Kidney proximal tubule.
• In sensory cells of the inner
ear (as stereocilia),
• In the cells of taste buds.
• In olfactory receptor cells.
 Structure of microvilli

•Microvilli are covered in plasma

membrane, which encloses cytoplasm
and microfilaments.
•These are cellular extensions; there
are little or no cellular organelles
present in the microvilli.
•Each microvillus has a dense bundle
of cross-linked actin filaments, which
serves as its structural core. 20 to 30
tightly bundled actin filaments are
cross-linked by bundling proteins
fimbrin and villin to form the core of the
microvilli.
 Functions of microvilli:
• Absorption in intestine
• Secretion
• Cellular adhesion
• Mechanotransduction in kidney
proximal tubules.
4. PSEUDOPODIA
2 kinds of basal modifications
1. Basal Infoldings- often found in epithelium
that are known to transport fluid (kidney)
-will often see mitochondria in the basal
infoldings--suggests that active transport is
occurring
2. Hemidesmosome -
thickening of
cytoplasmic face of
the membrane at the
base of epithelium
cell, which attaches it
to the basement
membrane
4 kinds of lateral modificatons

1. Tight Junctions (zonula

occludentes)
2. Adhering Junctions (zonula
adherens)
3. Desmosome (macula adherens)
4. Gap Junctions
Figure 4.2
2. Adhering Junctions (Zonula Adherens) -the
actin filaments which make up zonula adherens
maintain integrity of the cell to better bind
-found just beneath the tight junction

3. Desmosome (macula adherens) -protein

filaments interlock with filaments of the adjacent
cell which forms a dense intermediate line
between the cells
Desmosome vs Hemidesmosome

• Desmosomes join cells together (involve

TWO cytoplasmic plaques)
• Hemidesmosomes join cells to the basilar
membrane (ONE cytoplasmic plague)
4. Gap Junctions- connections of one
membrane aligns with connection of
adjacent membrane so that hydrophilic
material can be transported
-important in cell communication
-connections made up of integral proteins
are cylindrical, 1.5 nm in diameter
-adjacent cells are 2-3 nm apart
 Function of lateral
modifications

• -epithelium cells are very close and

adhesive
-intercellular junctions function in adhesion,
sealing, and intercellular communication