Computer Network(310245)
Credit :04
Examination Scheme:
In-Sem (Paper): 30 Marks
End-Sem (Paper): 70 Marks
Course Objectives:
1. To understand the fundamental concepts of networking standards,
protocols and technologies.
[Link] learn different techniques for framing, error control, flow control and
routing.
[Link] learn role of protocols at various layers in the protocol stacks.
[Link] learn network programming.
[Link] develop an understanding of modern network architectures from a
design and performance perspective
Course Outcomes:
On completion of the course, student will be able to–
[Link] the requirements for a given organizational structure to select the most
appropriate networking architecture, topologies, transmission mediums, and
technologies
2. Demonstrate design issues, flow control and error control
3. Analyze data flow between TCP/IP model using Application, Transport and
Network Layer Protocols.
4. Illustrate applications of Computer Network capabilities, selection and usage
for various sectors of user community.
5. Illustrate Client-Server architectures and prototypes by the means of correct
standards and technology.
6. Demonstrate different routing and switching algorithms
Unit 1
Physical Layer
Computer network
• Computer network :A computer network is a system of
interconnected computers and peripheral devices
• For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and
cameras.
• Communications :Communications is about the transfer of
information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver.
Communication is an act of transmitting messages.
• Computer network communication We transmit information or data by
using two types of signals, namely analog and digital .
• Computers communicate with digital signals. The older forms of
communications technology, such as telephones and radios , use
analog signals
[Link] (Local Area Network)
1.A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network
devices connected together, usually within the same building.
[Link] LAN run at speed of 10Mbps to 100 Mbps have low delay.
3. e.g Room, Building ,campus, client –server .
[Link] are possible for broadcast LAN
a) Bus Topology
b)Ring Topology
•Bus Topology
•Ring Topology
[Link](Metropolitan Area Network)
1. Larger than LAN
2. MAN Cover’s a city(Telecommunication Media)
3. e.g of MAN is the cable television in many cities using Antenna
Central office (Main Office)
Branch office 20KM
80 km
60Km
Factories
Branch office
•Range Within 100Km
Advantages of MAN
[Link] is very efficient and swift for communication over fiber optic cable for
interconnection of networks in cities.
[Link] serves many villages and cities and thus provides great inter-connectivity at a
low cost.
[Link] works on ring or bus topology with a protection link, thus data can be transmitted
or received simultaneously over nodes and if one link fails the other will keep the
network live.
The disadvantages of MAN are:
[Link] upon the distance between two nodes, the cable length required for
inter-connection differs every time. Thus greater will be the cable length, the more
will be the cost of the network.
[Link] is a big concern for this network as for such a big distance anyone can
hack the network. We can’t put security at each level of the network, hence it
becomes easier for unwanted people to access it for their own benefits.
[Link] (Wide Area Network)
[Link] is widely used in long-distance communication systems.
[Link] covers bigger areas i.e right from a state to a country. Therefore the geographical
area it covers is from 100 to several 1000 km.
[Link] networks are complex in nature, however, they are widely used in mobile
communications as they cover up long distances.
[Link], fiber optic cable is used as a media for transmission in this system.
[Link] works on physical, data-link and network layers of the OSI Reference
model.
[Link] are used in WAN network for communication as they provide the shortest
path for communication over long distance using routing tables. Routers also
provide a secure and fast rate of transmission
[Link] types of data need to be transmitted over the network like image, voice,
video and data files. Therefore the routers use packet switching technique for sending
and receiving data between nodes. It is not necessary that the device used should be a
router only, other devices such as switches, bridges etc., are also used for
connectivity.
0
[Link] switching and circuit switching tech are used in the WAN
0
0
0
0
Sender 0 Receiver
0
0
Packet 0
Router Sub network 0
0
0
B D 0
0
Packets A 0
C E 0
0
0
•Packet Switching
[Link] switching is a method of transferring the data to a network in form of
packets.
2. to transfer the file fast and efficient manner over the network and minimize
the transmission latency, the data is broken into small pieces of variable length,
called Packet. At the destination, all these small-parts (packets) has to be
reassembled, belonging to the same file.
3. Packet Switching uses Store and Forward technique while switching the
packets; while forwarding the packet each hop first store that packet then
forward.
4. packets belonging to the same file may or may not travel through the same
path. If there is congestion at some path, packets are allowed to choose different
path possible over existing network.
•Circuit Switching
1. It allow data connection to be established first and terminated when
communication is completed
[Link] Area Network(PAN)
[Link] refers to the interconnection of information technology device with the
environment of an individual user
[Link] interconnected device might include laptop, computer, cell-phone ,printer
etc.
[Link]-hoc Network(temporary Network )
[Link] this network wireless device directly connected with each other and
communication with each other.
Wireless PC
Connected through wi-fi
without any other device
2. Less no of device can connect
•Network Architecture
[Link]-Server Architecture
S en
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Client 1
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Client 4
Client 2 Client 3
•Advantages
[Link] of control: access, resources and integrity of the data are controlled by
the dedicated server so that a program or unauthorized client cannot damage the system. This
centralization also facilitates task of updating data or other resources (better than the networks
P2P).
[Link]: You can increase the capacity of clients and servers separately. Any element can
be increased (or enhanced) at any time, or you can add new nodes to the network (clients or
servers).
[Link] maintenance: distribute the roles and responsibilities to several standalone computers,
you can replace, repair, upgrade, or even move a server, while customers will not be affected
by that change (or minimally affect). This independence of the changes is also known as
encapsulation.
[Link] to Peer Model
Data is share
Data is share
•Advantages
1. The failure of one computer won’t disrupt the rest of the system.
2. You get to avoid the expense of having and maintaining a server.
3. Peer to peer networks don’t require a network operating system.
[Link] system doesn’t require advanced knowledge to be useful.
5. It reduces the need to have technical staff available.
6. You can begin the file retrieval process at any time.
7. An entire library of files is available for you to find online.
3. Distributed Model
[Link] is a set of devices connected by communication line
2. A node can be a computer ,printer or any other device capable of sending or
receiving data
[Link] network use distributed processing in which a task is divided among
multiple computer
4. Instead of one single large machine being responsible for all aspect of process
separate computer handle a subset.
•Performances: is depend on transmission medium, H/W, effiencncy of the
software.
•Reliability: Accuracy of delivery, network reliability is measured by the frequency
of failure the time it takes a link to recover from failure
•Security: Protection data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage
and development & implement policy and procedure for recovery from branch and
data losses
5. Software Define Network (SDN)
1. It is computer networking that allow network administrator to manage
network service through abstraction of lower level functionality.
Client
Internet
Request
database
Controller