Construction
Methods
ECCOS1A
Semester 1 | 2023
Lecture 2:
Structures
Professions Involved
Topics we’ll be Structural forms
discus
Steel forms
Concrete Forms
sing Scaffolding
Formwork
Structures as a concept Brickwor
k
Concrete Placing
Concrete Compaction
Reme
mber
Our Textbook
Familiarize yourself with it
and its contents.
Learning Outcom
es
* Understand the meaning of structures
* Know the functions of different professions
* Identify the different brickwork bonding
* Know and understand the three broad parts of a structure
(substructure, superstructure and roof structure)
* Know the importance and the application of scaffolding to
structures
* Know the various components of the concrete and steel structures
that may be used in construction
* Know the uses of formwork as applied to concrete structures
What Structures?
is
Structures refers
to the buildings,
bridges and dams
The Design Process depends on:
The Construction Process
depends on:
which are used to *Size of the structure
improve the *The nature of operations
standard of human *Shape of the structure *Sequence of operations
living. (method of construction)
*Nature of the structure
*Function of the structure
*Loads imposed
*Materials Used
Professions Involved
•The Client – (The Head boy) influences what is to be constructed, where, when and by whom.
•The Architect – (The Client’s right hand man) starts with the client’s needs in mind, and designs the aesthetics of the building
•Project Manager- (Class Prefect) The PM is in charge of all the activities relating to the project
•Quantity Surveyors- (Finance guy) Determines and value of * the structure giving advice on costs, helping to establish the total
spend for project completion
THE ENGINEERS (different disciplines within the engineering fraternity work together to achieve a common goal). They want
to ensure their designs are safe, serviceable and perform well. They must ensure they do not bend, twist, collapse or vibrate
and remain strong and secure throughout their lifespan
•Civil engineer- Engineer ensuring that the structure has access, water and can be used by people and other waste are properly
disposed( Soil, road, waste and water engineers).
•Structural engineer- Engineer designing the skeleton or structure of a building to ensure that it can stand by its self
•Electrical engineer- Engineer ensuring that the structure has electricity.
•Mechanical engineer- Engineer ensuring that the structure has mechanical systems such lift and escalators.
•Environmental planner – takes into consideration how the structure will affect the natural environment
•Health and safety manager – Ensures that safety regulations are adhered to during the construction phase
•Soil engineer – Does geotechnical studies on the suitability of the soil
Structural Forms/frames
*Reinforced Concrete Buildings and Bridges
Structural Steel Buildings and Bridges
*Precast Concrete Buildings and Bridges
Reinforced Concrete
*Plain Concrete = cement + fine aggregate + coarse aggregate +water
*This mixture sets into a rock-like mass 3 to 4 days after being poured, but only
reaches its desired strength after 28 days
*The concrete mass is very strong in compression but not in tension, therefore the
concept of Reinforced Concrete was introduced to combat that.
*Reinforced Concrete is concrete that has reinforcing concrete added to the
concrete mass at pre-determined locations within the concrete mass (more of this
on Reinforced concrete design)
*Reinforcing steel is very strong in tension
*The combination of concrete and steel increases the ability of a member to carry
loads
Reinforced Concrete Strength
Concrete Strength depends on: Reinforcement Steel Must:
*Type of cement used *Have high tensile strength
*Type and size of Aggregates *Be flexible
*Clean Mixing water *Have a surface that can develop an
*Admixtures Used adequate bond with the concrete
*Water/cement ratio
Reinforced • RC Beams
Concrete • RC Columns
Memb
• RC Slabs
ers
Reinforced Concrete These three together make up
Members your structure
Beams Columns Slabs
1. Reinforced Concrete
Beams
2. Reinforced Concrete
Colum
ns
3. Reinforced Concrete
Slabs
Scaffolding
• Temporary structure from which
people can gain access to high-
level working areas to carry out
construction operations
• Includes working platforms,
ladders and guardrails
• Constructed from steel or
aluminium alloy tubes clipped
together
Formwork
• A mould or box into which wet concrete can be
poured to take on the shape or form of the
required member
• Commonly assembled using timber, plywood,
clipboard or steel forms
• Used for foundations, columns, beams, slabs
• QUIZ: What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each of the listed materials in
formwork?
CONCRETE
placin During the placing of concrete, the
following could occur:
g *Segregation
*Contamination
*Premature Stiffening
CONCRETE
transp
orting
• Wheelbarrow
• Dumper
• Crane
• Ready-Mixed Concrete
CONCRETE
compa *Compacted concrete is: More durable,
ction has a Smoother appearance, has better
compressive strength and has less
honeycombing
*It can be com[acted manually by hand
or by mechanical vibration
Concrete Compaction
Methods
Mechanical Compaction:
Manual/Hand Compaction:
*Internal Vibration – poker vibrator
*Tamping
*External Vibration – vibrating table
*Rodding
*Surface Vibration – Vibrating roller
BRICKWORK
bondin
g • Refers to the arrangement of bricks
into a recognised pattern or bond.
• This arrangement ensures that the
structure is stable enough and is
aesthetically pleasing.
Types of
Brickwork
bonds Flemish
Stretcher English
Bond Bond Bond
1. Stretcher
Bond • Has bricks placed with their
longest side facing the outside
of the wall
• Used for half-brick walls and
cavity walls
2. Header
Bond • Has bricks placed with their
shortest side facing the outside
of the wall
3. English
Bond • Each alternate course has
headers and stretchers
[Link]
Bond • Has alternate headers and
stretches in each course
HOURS
9 A.M. to 14:00 P.M.
Consult EMAIL ADDRESS
ation
tshenolom1@[Link]
Details
MOBILE NUMBER
072 420 0686
Thank
you!
For questions and clarifications,
don't hesitate to get in touch.
ALL THE BEST!