Geometry

Geometry
Line and Angle
Line Segment : Given two points A and B on line, the connected part
(segment) of the line with end points at A and B , is called the line segment
AB

Ray : A line segment AB when extended indefinitely in one direction is called

the ray AB.
A ray has no definite length .It cannot be drawn on a piece of paper.
 Geometry
Line and Angle
Collinear points :Three or more points to be collinear if there is a line which
contains all to them. P,Q and R in fig (1) are collinear while in fig. (2) are non-
collinear.

Intersecting lines : Two lines are intersecting if they have a common point.
The common point is called the “point of intersection”.
 Geometry
Line and Angle
Parallel line :(Non-Intersecting lines ) : The straight lines, which lie in the
same plane and do not meet at any point on producing on either side, are
called parallel lines.

Angle: An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a common initial
point.
 Geometry
Type of Angles :
Right angle : An angle whose measure is 90 is called a right angle.
Acute angle : An angle whose measure is less than 90 is called an acute angle.
Obtuse angle : An angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180 is called an
obtuse angle.
Straight angle : An angle whose measure is more than 180 is called a straight angle.
Reflex angle : An angle whose measure is more that 180 is called a reflex angle.
Complementary angle : Two angle, whose sum measure is 90 are called
complementary angle.
Supplementary angle : Two angle, the sum of whose measures is 180 , are called the
supplementary angles.
Adjacent angles : Two angle are called adjacent angles, if
(a) They have the same vertex (b) they have a common arm and
(c) non-common arms are on either side of the common arm.
 Geometry
Type of Angles :
Linear pair of angle : If the sum of two adjacent angles 180 , they are said to form a
linear pair.
Vertically opposite angles : Two angles are called a pair of verti – cally opposite angle,
if their arms form two pairs of opposite rays.
Transversal: A line which intersects two or more given lines at distinct po8ints called a
transversal of the given lines. Straight lines AB and CD are cut by transversal PQ.
Corresponding Angles : Two angle on the same side of a transversal are known as
corresponding angle if both lie either above the two lines or below the two lines. In
figure
Alternate Interior Angles : 3 & 5, 2 & 8 are the pairs of alternate interior angles.
Consecutive Interior Angle : (allied or Co-interior Angles )
The pair of interior on the same side of the transversal are called pairs of consecutive
interior angle. In figure 2 & 5 , 3 & 8, are the pairs of consecutive interior
angles.
 Geometry
Type of Angles :
Corresponding angle axiom ; In a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each
pair of corresponding angle are equal. Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines,
making a pair of equal corresponding angle, then the lines are parallel.
Alternate Exterior Angle : (i) 4 = 6 (ii) 1 = 7
 Geometry
Triangles
Criteria for Congruence of Triangle
Side –Angle –Side Rule ( SAS Rule ) : Two triangles are congruent, if any two sides and
the included angle of one triangle are equal to any two sides and the included angle of
the other triangle.
Angle –Side –Angle rule (ASA Rule ) :Two triangles are congruent, if any two side of
one triangle are equal of two angles and the included side of the other triangles.
Angle-Angle-Side Rule (AAS Rule) : if any two angles and a side of one triangle are
equal to two angles and the corresponding side of the other triangle, the two triangles
are congruent.
Side-Side-Side Rule (SSS Rule) :If three sides of one triangle are equal to the three side
of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Right Angle Hypotenuse Side (RHS Rule) : In in two right triangle the hypotenuse and
one side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent.
 Geometry
Triangles
Inequalities in a Triangle:
Statement 1: If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the longer
size is larger (or greater).
Statement 2 :In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.
Statement 3 : The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than its than its third
side.
Similarity of Triangles : Two triangles are similar, if
•Their corresponding angles are equal and
•Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion )
 Geometry
Triangles
Criteria for Similarity of Triangles :
AAA Similarity Criterion or ( E qui – angular criterion )
The corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then their corresponding sides are
proportional and hence the triangles similar.
SSS Similarity Criterion : In this criterion, the corresponding sides of two triangles are
proportional, then their corresponding angle are equal. Hence the triangles are said to
be similar.
SAS Similarity Criterion : In this case, if one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of
the other and the sides including these angles are proportional.
 Geometry
Triangles
Basic Proportionality Theorem or Thale ‘s Theorem : “If a line is drawn parallel to one
side of a triangle, it divides the other two sides in the same ratio”
Converse of B.P. Theorem : “ If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, the line parallel to the third side”.
 Geometry
Areas of Two Similar Triangles :
 Geometry
Polygons
A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon.
Polygons can be classified into regular and irregular polygons.
Regular polygons :Polygons with all the sides and angles equal i.e.
regular polygons are equilateral and equiangular.
Irregular polygons : Polygons in which all the sides or angles are not of
the some measure.
 Geometry
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a closed figure obtained by joining four points ( with no three
points collinear ) in an order.
Type of Quadrilaterals
Trapezium : It is quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
Parallelogram :It is a quadrilateral in which each both pairs of opposites sides
are parallel. It is denoted by .
Rectangle :It is a quadrilateral whose each angle is 90°.rectangle ABCD is a
parallelogram also.
Rhombus : It is a quadrilateral whose all the sides are equal.
Square : It is a quadrilateral whose all the sides are equal and each angle is 90°.
Kite :It is a quadrilateral in which two pair of adjacent sides are equal.
 Geometry
Quadrilaterals
Mid Point Theirem (Basic Proportionality theorem)
Statement 1: the line segment joining the mid points of any two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side.
Statement 2 : the line drawn through the mid point of one side of a triangle,
parallel to an-other side bisects the third side.
 Geometry
Circle
A circle is a simple closed curve, all the points of which are at the same
distance from a given fixed point.
Parts of a Circle

Properties of circle
 Geometry
Circle
Secant of a Circle

Tangent of a circle
Note : the distance AB(or AC) is called
the length to tangent.
 Geometry
Circle
Theorem Related to Tangent to a Circle

Cyclic Quadrilateral
 Example
o
An angle is 14 more than its complementary angle then angle is –
o o o
(a) 38 (b) 52 (c) 50 b (d) none of these
 Example
o
If an angle is 24 more than half of its complement then the angle is
o o o 0
(a) 14 (b) 38 (c) 46 (d) 76
 Example
Two diagonals of parallelogram are equal perpendicular to each other then it is

(a) rectangle (b) rhombus (c) trapezium (d) square

 Example
A man standing on the top of a tower standing on the sea shore, find s that a boat
coming towards him takes 10 minutes for the angle to change from 45o to 60
o
.
Find the time taken by the boat to reach the shore from this position

(a) 17.32 min (b) 8.66 min (c) 7.32 min (d) 13.66 min
 Example
Area of region ACDF is :
2 2 2 2
(a) 3750 m (b) 3500m (c) 3250m (d) 3000m