CIRCULATION
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF
HEART
Cardiac muscles Myogenic rhythmic contractions
arise from within the muscle intrinsic rhythmicity
Intrinsic from within
Extrinsic from outside
Conducting system specialized strands of
interconnecting cardiac muscles tissue that
coordinate cardiac contraction cardiac cycle
COMPONENTS
a) Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
b) Atrioventricular Node (AV
Node)
c) Atrioventricular bundle
d) Conducting myofibrils
SinoAtrial Node consists of specialized plexus of
cardiac muscles embedded in upper wall of right
atrium.
Developed from sinus venosus
AtrioVentricular Node another specialized group
of cardiac muscle fibres present at junction of
atrium and ventricle
AV node is connected to atrioventricular bundle /
Bundle of His
ACTION POTENTIAL
the change in electrical
potential associated with
the passage of an
impulse along the
membrane of a muscle
cell or nerve cell.
BLOOD VESSELS
Three types
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
ARTERIES
Carry blood away from heart
Pink in color, Found deep in muscles
Narrow lumen
Vary in size
Arteries arterioles capillaries
No valves in lumen
Wall is made up of three layers
Tunica adventitia – outer – white fibrous connective tissue
Tunica media – middle – circular smooth muscles and elastic fibers
Tunica intima – simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers
AORTA 23mm diameter
Arterioles 0.2mm
CAPILLARIES
Wall made up of endothelial cells
Range in diameter from 7 micrometer to 9
micrometer
Approx 1mm long
RBCs flow in a single file from them.
Endothelium refers to cells that line the interior
surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels,
forming an interface between circulating blood or
lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel
wall. It is a thin layer of simple, or single-layered,
squamous cells called endothelial cells.
VEINS
Bring blood back
Not deep in muscles, can be seen on skin
as blue vessels
Broad lumen
Veins have valves
Three layers
Tunica adventitia – collagenous connective
tissues
Tunica media – thin layer of smooth muscles,
collagen fibers and elastic fibers
Tunica intima – smooth muscles, endothelial
cells and elastic fibers
Capillaries venules veins
Venules have diameter of 40 to 50 micrometers
VALVES IN VEINS
Those veins having diameter greater
than 2mm have valves.
Valves allow blood flow towards the
heart and not in opposite direction.
Valves are present only in lower part of
body, specially abdomen and hind
limb.
ROLE OF ARTERIOLES IN VASODILATION AND
VASOCONSTRICTION
Amount of blood flow through a vessel
can be regulated by contraction and
relaxation of smooth muscles in tunica
media.
Decreased blood flow is caused by
VASOCONSTRICTION (decrease in
diameter of blood vessel) which is caused
by contraction of smooth muscles in
vessels.
Increase in blood flow is caused by
VASODILATION
Which is an increase in diameter of vessels.
Caused by relaxation of smooth muscles in
vessels.
Blood circulation is also controlled by
hormones also called vasodilating agents,
which act on arterioles.
Eg. Norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Several substances called KININS can
cause powerful vasodilation.
Formed in blood and tissue fluid of some
organs e.g. HISTAMINE
Most of prostaglandins are vasodilators
while some are vasoconstrictors.
ROLE OF PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER
Arterioles capillary network venules
Blood flows from arterioles metarterioles
thoroughfare channel capillaries branch from
here.
Flow in these capillaries is regulated by smooth
muscles called PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER,
located at origin of branches
These sphincters can open and close the
entrance, these are normally either completely
open or completely closed.
Opening and closing is cyclic several times a
minute.
Called VASOMOTION
VASCULAR PATHWAY
Cardiovascular system has two circuits
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
Pulmonary circulation: the superior and
inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood
right atrium right ventricle pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries lungs.
This is called pulmonary circulation / circuit.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
and pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
Pulmonary veins bring blood from lungs to left
atrium and from there blood goes to left
ventricle and then to body.
Systemic circulation: include all veins and
arteries other than involved in pulmonary
circuit.
Largest artery is AORTA
Largest veins are SUPERIOR & INFERIOR VENA
CAVA
Oxygenated blood from left ventricle aorta
branches organs and major body regions.
Head, chest and arms superior vena cava
Lower body regions inferior vena cava
Both pour into right atrium.
CORONARY
CIRCULATION
Coronary circulation is the circulation
of blood in the blood vessels that supply
the heart muscle (myocardium).
Coronary
arteries supply oxygenated blood to the
heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain
away the blood once it has been
deoxygenated.
Coronary veins converge Coronary
sinus channel on posterior surface of
heart opens into right atrium.
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
A portal system is vascular system
that begins with capillary beds and
ends with capillary beds, has no
pumping mechanism such as heart.
The portal system that begins with
capillaries in the viscera and ends
with the capillaries in the liver
hepatic portal system.
Capillaries in digestive system veins
hepatic portal vein liver
capillaries hepatic vein inferior
vena cava.
RENAL CIRCULATION
Renal artery kidney gives
branches which pass through
medulla.
In cortex, the give rise to afferent
glomerular arterioles
peritubular capillaries and vesa
recta.
From these capillary networks, blood
is drained through veins and leave
the kidney as single renal vein
inferior vena cava.
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISORDER
THROMBOSIS:
Thrombosis is a blood clot within blood vessels that limits the
flow of blood. It is a serious condition that can lead to life-
threatening complications, such as stroke, heart attack, and
pulmonary embolism.
The clotted mass of blood is called thrombus.
EMBULISM
An embolism is a blockage in a blood vessel caused by a
foreign body, such as a blood clot, air bubble, fat globule, or tumor
cell. The most common type of embolism is a pulmonary embolism,
which occurs when a blood clot from the leg travels to the lung.
Any detached intravascular solid liquid or gas shape mass, that
has been carried to a distant site from its point of origin is called
embolus
THROMBOSIS VS EMBULISM
HEART PROBLEM
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
It is a plaque disposition of cholesterol in the arteries resulting in
the narrowing of the arteries lumen.
FACTORS
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Increase age and stress
Lack of exercise and obesity
ANGINA PECTORIS
Angina pectoris, or simply angina, is chest pain
caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It is a
symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD), a
condition in which the arteries that supply blood to
the heart become narrowed or blocked.
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart
defect in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close
after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a normal blood
vessel that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery
in the developing fetus. It allows blood to bypass the
lungs, which are not yet in use. After birth, the ductus
arteriosus usually closes within a few days. However,
in some babies, it remains open.
HEART ATTACK
A heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction (MI), occurs
when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked. This can happen
when a blood clot forms in one of the coronary arteries, which are
the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart.
Symptoms of a heart attack
The most common symptom of a heart attack is chest pain. The
pain may feel like a squeezing, pressure, or burning sensation in
the center of the chest. It may also spread to the shoulders, neck,
arms, jaw, or back. Other symptoms of a heart attack include:
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Vomiting
HEART ATTACK
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Sweating
Anxiety
Causes of a heart attack
A heart attack is caused by a blockage in one of the
coronary arteries. This can happen when a blood clot
forms in the artery or when the artery becomes
narrowed by plaque buildup. Plaque is a fatty
substance that can build up on the walls of the
arteries over time.
HEART FAILURE
CONGENITAL HEART
PROBLEM
A congenital heart defect (CHD) is a problem with the heart's
structure that is present at birth. CHDs can range from mild to
severe, and some may not require treatment. Others may require
surgery or other procedures to repair the defect.
Types of congenital heart defects
There are many different types of CHDs, but some of the most
common include:
Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall that separates the two
upper chambers of the heart (atria)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall that separates
the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles)
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
(ASD)
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a
hole in the wall (septum) that
separates the two upper
chambers of the heart (atria). It
is the most common congenital
heart defect, affecting about 1 in
every 100 babies born.
DIAGNOSIS OF
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISORDER
ANGIOGRAPHY
Angiography is performed using a catheter, which is a thin tube that is
inserted into a blood vessel. The catheter is guided to the desired
location using X-ray imaging. Once the catheter is in place, the
contrast agent is injected through the catheter.
Angiography is used to diagnose a variety of conditions, including:
Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
Blood clots
Narrowing of the arteries
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs, which are abnormal connections
between arteries and veins)
Tumors that involve blood vessels
ANGIOGRAPHY
TREATMENT AND
PREVENTION
CORONARY BYPASS
Coronary bypass surgery (CABG), also known as heart bypass surgery,
is a surgical procedure to restore blood flow to the heart muscle. It is
performed to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), a condition in which
the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or
blocked.
CABG surgery may be recommended for people with CAD who:
Have severe narrowing or blockage of multiple coronary arteries
Have left main coronary artery disease
CORONARY BYPASS
• Have diabetes
and severe
CAD
• Have had a
heart attack
and are at high
risk for another
one
• Have not
responded well
to other
treatments for
CAD, such as
medications or
TREATMENT AND
PREVENTION
ANGIOPLASTY
Angioplasty is a procedure to widen narrowed
or obstructed arteries or veins, typically to treat
arterial atherosclerosis. A deflated balloon
attached to a catheter (a balloon catheter) is
passed over a guide-wire into the narrowed
vessel and then inflated to a fixed size. The
balloon forces expansion of the blood vessel
and the surrounding muscular wall, allowing an
improved blood flow. A stent may be inserted at
the time of ballooning to ensure the vessel
remains open, and the balloon is then deflated
and withdrawn.
TREATMENT AND
PREVENTION
OPEN HEART SURGERY
Open-heart surgery is a surgical procedure performed to treat heart problems by
directly accessing the heart through an opening in the chest. During open-heart
surgery, the surgeon will cut through the breastbone (sternotomy) and spread
the ribs to access the heart.
Open-heart surgery is used to treat a range of heart conditions, including:
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): CABG is the most common type of
open-heart surgery. It is used to treat coronary artery disease, a condition in
which the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or
blocked. During CABG, the surgeon grafts a healthy blood vessel from another
part of the body onto a blocked coronary artery. This creates a new pathway for
blood to flow around the blockage and to the heart muscle.
POSTURAL HYPOTENSION
Postural hypotension, also known as orthostatic hypotension, is a condition
in which blood pressure drops suddenly when you stand up from a sitting or
lying position. This can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and even fainting.
Postural hypotension is more common in older adults, but it can also affect
younger people. It is caused by a number of factors, including:
Dehydration
Certain medications, such as blood pressure medications, diuretics, and
antidepressants
Medical conditions such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and autonomic
neuropathy
Prolonged bed rest
Pregnancy
BLOOD CELLS
PLATELETS /ERYTHROCYTES/WHITE BLOOD CELL
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and
organs that helps to protect the body from infection and
disease. It also helps to maintain fluid balance and absorb
fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
FORMATION AND TRANSPORT
OF TISSUE FLUID
LYMPH :COMPOSITION
AND
LYMPH
FUNCTION
Lymph is a clear, colorless fluid that contains white blood cells, antibodies,
and other immune cells. It circulates throughout the lymphatic system, a
network of vessels and tissues that helps to protect the body from infection
and disease.
LYMPHATIC VESSEL