Chapter Two
What is System?
System is a group of components ,consisting of
procedures that work in a coordination fashion
to achieve some objective.
Computer system
Composed of components that are classified
either as Computer hardware or Computer
software.
I. Hardware components
Is the physical part of the computer that you see,
you use to and the parts you can touch.
Hardware components
We can further classify the hardware as follows:
Inputdevices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Storage device
Output devices.
[Link] device
Input is the process of giving or inserting data
and instructions to the computer system.
An input device is any machine, which helps to
input/feed data and instructions into a
computer.
Cont…
Functions of input devices are:
It accepts (read) instructions and data
It converts these instructions and data
It supplies the converted instructions and data
Examples of input devices:-
o Keyboard
o Disk derives
o Mouse
o Scanner
o Light pen
o Microphone
o Bar code reader , CD-ROM Drive
Keyboard
mouse and light pen
Cont…
2. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Is the brain of a computer system
Is the most costly and main component of the
computer system
Purpose of CPU
Fetch instruction
Interpret instruction
Execute instruction
Fetch data
Process data
Write data
Cont…
Two main parts of CPU are:
A. Control Unit
B. Arithmetic Logical Unit
A. Control Unit
It performs all the control functions of the computer
It retrieves the instruction from memory
Translates those instructions into computer functions
and sends signals to other computer hardware units
It determining the next instruction to be executed by
the computer.
In general it serves as the computer traffic.
Cont…
B. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
It performs the arithmetic calculations of addition,
subtraction, multiplications, divisions and comparisons
Is used to keep track of and execute instruction.
Connected to the main memory by the paths called
register.
Registers
Are temporary storage locations for managing instructions
and data ,they are being processed in control & ALU.
An instruction before loaded from main memory, it is placed
in the register
Cont…
3. Storage device
Used to stored/record data/information in the
computer
It is two types
I. Primary storage device and
II. Secondary storage device
I. Primary storage device
Every computer has a temporary storage area
that is built in the computer hardware and in
which data and instructions of the program
resides mainly when the program is executed by
the CPU.
Cont…
When every data/information put in the computer that
is directly recorded/store in the main memory
It consists of some chips on the motherboard or a
small circuit board that attached to mother board
The main memory has two parts
A. RAM and
B. ROM
A. RAM
Random Access Memory
Small in storage capacity and expensive
Cont…
Fast in operating/processing speed
Volatile and temporary storage
RAM Holds
Operating System
Program and
Data
The two types of RAM
i. Dynamic RAM and
ii. Static RAM
Cont…
B. ROM
Read Only Memory
Non - Volatile and permanently storage
device
There are two types of ROM
1. Manufacturer programmed
2. User programmed (Programmable ROM)
or PROM
Erasable Programmable ROM(EPROM)
Cont…
II. Secondary (auxiliary) Storage devices
Limitations of primary storage device
o Small in storage capacity
o More expensive
o volatile
Secondary devices are:-
Non – Volatile
Large in storage capacity
Cheap and low cost
Slow in operating/processing speed
Cont…
Two type of Secondary storage device
a. Magnetic disk
Floppy disk (1.66MB) and
Hard disk
b. Optical disk
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-R/RW)
CD (700MB) and DVD(4.7GB)
Hard Disk
Removable Hard Disk
External Hard Disk
Cont…
4. Output Devices
Output is the process of the computer produce text,
graph, video or sounds in hard or soft copy format that
is used by human beings.
Output devices are a machine that used to produce the
processed data/ information to users.
The function of O/P devices are receive/ accept the
processed data /information from the computer and
translate in to the human suitable form. ( e.g monitor,
speaker , printer)
The two outputs are
Soft copy output and
Hard copy output
Hardware Components
Cont…
What is Bus ?
An electronic path that used to transmit bits
b/n computer components
The major important buses are :-
a) Address bus
b) Data bus and
c) Control bus
Cont…
System unit
The central components of the computer the
perform the processing of information
All most all activity of the computer is performed
in the system unit
All I/P devices are connected to the System unit
The major components of SU is
Motherboard
Processer
Memory
Power supply etc…
Cont…
Mother Board
A large circuit board that consists of expansion
slot and chipsets
It is the house of CPU, Memory and chips
It connects all peripheral devices
Importance
Organization
Communication
Process support
Peripheral support
performance and Control
System Unit
Software Components
What is software?
Program is a set of instructions that the
computer follow to perform the give job.
A collection of program that facilitate the
hardware to solve the problem is called
software.
It includes documentation, rule and
operational procedures
An intermediate b/n the user and the computer
hardware components
Cont…
Classification of software
1. System SW and
2. Application SW
1. System SW
A program that facilitate the work of the
computer HW
Organized and manage the machine resource and
handle the I/P devices
Control the hardware by perform the function
Enable the computer understandable language
Make complex HW to more user friendly and easy
Cont…
Types of System SW
I. Operating system and
II. Language Software
I. Operating System
Coordinate the activities b/n the user and
the computer
It has three major functions
A. Controlling operation/process
B. I/O management
C. Command processing/interpreting
Cont…
A. Controlling process
Coordinating the activity of computer system
Decide where the data and programs are stored in
the memory
Handle communication among the computer
components, application software and users
Control Saving and retrieving file from the disk
B. Input/output management
Coordinate the computer communication with
outside world and flow of data in the screen
Handle the flow of data from the disk and
Handle the process of preparing the disk
Cont…
C. Command processing
Interpret the command
Search the command file and
Control the command return program from
the memory
Types of OS (based on the number of users
and programs that can be performed)
1) Single tasking
2) Multi tasking and
3) Real Time Operating System
Cont…
II. Language Software
A software used by programs to develop an
application software and translate the program
to machine code.
Translator is a program that convert one
language to another language
There are three types
1. Assembler
2. Compiler
3. Interpreter
Cont…
2. Application software
A software that design to perform tasks in the
specific area
It has more than one installations
Called application package
Classifies
i. Word processing
ii. Spreadsheet and PPt.
iii. Data base management system (DBMS)
Structural query Language(SQL)
DBMS and FMS
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THAN
K
YOU