Human Rights
What are Human Rights?
Human rights are a set of principles concerned with equality
and fairness.
Explanation
• Human rights can broadly be defined as a number of basic rights that
people from around the world have agreed are essential. These include
the right to life, the right to a fair trial, freedom from torture and other
cruel and inhuman treatment, freedom of speech, freedom of religion,
and the rights to health, education and an adequate standard of living.
• These human rights are the same for all people everywhere – men and
women, young and old, rich and poor, regardless of our background,
where we live, what we think or what we believe. This is what makes
human rights ‘universal’.
Declarations
• The American Declaration of Independence (1776) was based
on the understanding that certain rights, such as ‘life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness', were fundamental to all people.
Similarly, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen (1789) challenged the authority of the aristocracy and
recognised the ‘liberty, equality and fraternity' of individuals.
These values were also echoed in the United States’ Bill of
Rights (1791), which recognised freedom of speech, religion
and the press, as well as the right to ‘peaceable' assembly,
private property and a fair trial.
Who have to take the responsibility
• This means that human rights involve responsibility and duties
towards other people and the community. Individuals have a
responsibility to ensure that they exercise their rights with
consideration for the rights of others. For example, when
someone uses their right to freedom of speech, they should do
so without interfering with someone else’s right to privacy.
Governments have a particular responsibility to ensure that
people are able to enjoy their rights. They are required to
establish and maintain laws and services that enable people to
enjoy a life in which their rights are respected and protected.
What do human rights
cover?
Human rights cover virtually every area of human activity.
Categories of Human Rights
1- Civil & Human Rights
These rights cover individual freedom and ensure participation in the civil and political life
of society without any discrimination.
These type of rights are reffered as " First Generation Rights “
e.g :
Right to life
Right to liberty
Right to freedom from torture
Right to free Trial
Freedom of Expression
Economic, social & cultural
Rights
These type of Rights focus on the social and
economic well-being of an individual.
They termed as
“second Generation Rights”.
Such as :
• Right to work
• Right to Education
• Right to health
• Right to an adequate standard living
Collective rights
• These type of rights referred to a group rather than an individual and
known as “ third generation rights”
• such as:
• Right of self-determination
• Cultural rights
Human Rights chartered
• The United Nation Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
• Date: December 10, 1948
• Place: Paris, France (Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly)
• The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
• Date: November 4, 1950
• Place: Rome, Italy (Adopted by the Council of Europe)
• The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
• Date: December 16, 1966
• Place: New York, United States (Adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly)
chartered
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
• Date: December 16, 1966
• Place: New York, United States (Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly)
• The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR)
• Date: June 27, 1981
• Place: Nairobi, Kenya (Adopted by the Organization of African Unity, now the
African Union)
• The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)
• Date: November 22, 1969
• Place: San José, Costa Rica (Adopted by the Organization of American States)
Human or Fundamental rights in
Pakistan
• According to the constitution of Pakistan 1973 every single citizen of
Pakistan (minority and majority both) owned the following
fundamental rights:
Articles
• The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) guarantees a set of fundamental rights
under Part II, Chapter 2 (Articles 8-28). These rights are essential to ensure the
protection of individual freedoms, equality, and justice.
• Here are the key fundamental rights provided in the Constitution
• Right to Equality (Article 25)
• All citizens are equal before the [Link] discrimination based on race, religion,
caste, sex, or place of [Link] state ensures equal protection of the law.
• Right to Non-Discrimination in Services (Article 27)
• No citizen can be discriminated against in terms of public office or employment
based on their race, religion, caste, or place of birth.
Articles
• Right to Freedom of Speech (Article 19)
• Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression, subject to restrictions
in the interest of public order, morality, or national security.
• Right to Assembly (Article 16)
• The citizens have the right to peacefully assemble and to form associations or unions.
• Right to Association (Article 17)
• Every citizen has the right to form associations or unions, but there can be certain
limitations.
• Right to Freedom of Movement (Article 15)
• Every citizen has the right to move freely within Pakistan and to reside in any part of the
country.
Articles
• Right to Freedom of Movement (Article 15)
• Every citizen has the right to move freely within Pakistan and to reside
in any part of the country.
• Protection of Property (Article 24)
• No person can be deprived of their property except in accordance
with the law.
• Right to Fair Trial (Article 10A)
• Every citizen is entitled to a fair trial, and the right to be heard.
Articles
• Freedom of Religion (Article 20)
• Every citizen has the right to profess, practice, and propagate their
religion freely.
• Right to Life and Liberty (Article 9)
• No person can be deprived of life or liberty except in accordance with
the law.
• Protection of Minorities (Articles 36, 20)
• The constitution ensures the protection of the religious, cultural, and
educational rights of minorities.
Articles
• Right to Education (Article 25-A)
• It mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 5 to 16 years.
• Prohibition of Forced Labor (Article 11)
• Forced labor is prohibited, and no one can be subjected to slavery.
• Protection of Dignity of Man (Article 14)
• The dignity of individuals is protected, and no one can be subjected to torture or
cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.
• Freedom of Press (Article 19-A)
The right to access information from public sources and the right to express
opinions freely.
Conclusion
• These fundamental rights are considered the cornerstone of the
democratic framework of Pakistan, and they are essential in ensuring
the protection of individual freedoms and equality before the law.
They are enforceable through the judiciary, and any violation of these
rights can be challenged in the courts.
Human or Fundamental rights in
Pakistan
• According to the constitution of Pakistan 1973 every single citizen of
Pakistan (minority and majority both) owned the following
fundamental rights: