Ejector
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What is Vacuum?
VACUUM REFERS TO THE DEGREE OF
EMPTINESS OF A PROCESS SYSTEM
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What is Vacuum? (Contd)…
Rough vacuum is used in 90% of chemical, petrochemical and other process
industries. This range generally includes vacuum distillation,filtration, crystallization,
drying, reaction and other.
Medium vacuum is most applicable to molten metals degassing and other.
High and Ultra high vacuum are most useful for thin films,research, and space
simulation.
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Industrial Group
Rough Vacuum 760 to 1 torr
Medium Vacuum 1 to 10-3 torr
High Vacuum 10-3 to 10-7 torr
Ultra-high Vacuum 10-7 torr and below
1 torr = 1 mm of Hg
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Pressure Terminology
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Pressure Terminology (Contd)…
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What Makes Them Work?
They operate on mass-velocity principle.
A motive fluid (steam) expands through a divergent nozzle, converting its pressure energy
into velocity energy.
As it passes through the suction chamber, it comes in contact with the vapors to be
evacuated.
The steam and vapor mixture the enters the diffuser where velocity energy is converted
again to pressure energy at discharge.
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Ejector Schematic
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Schematic Explanation of Ejector
Steam
Process connection
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Ejector Component Parts
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Ejector
Discharge
Suction Nozzle
Nozzle
Steam jet
Nozzle
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Pressure Velocity Profile
Operating
steam pr.
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Types of Vac. Pumping Equipment
LIQUID PISTON/RING
CENTRIFUGAL
AXIAL
TWO IMPELLER STRAIGNT LOBE
HELICAL LOBE
RECIPROCATING
SLIDING-VANE ROTARY
EJECTOR
ROTARTY OIL SEAL
DIFFUSION ( Not used in industrial application )
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Typical Capacities and Operating Ranges of Vac. Equipment
Steam Ejectors
One stage Lowest suction press. Capacity,Ft3/min
One stage 75 torr 10-1,000,000
Two stage 12 torr
Three stage 1 torr
Four stage 200 micron
Five stage 20 micron
Six stage 3 micorn
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Typical Capacities and Operating Ranges of Vac. Equipment(Contd)....
Liquid-ring pumps
150C Water sealed Lowest suction press. Capacity,Ft3/min
One stage 75 torr 3-10,000
Two stage 40 torr
Oil sealed 10 torr
Air ejector first stage 10 micron
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Typical Capacities and Operating Ranges of Vac. Equipment(Contd)....
Integrated pumping systems
150C Water sealed Lowest suction Capacity,
press. Ft3/min
Ejector-liquid ring pump 150 micron 100-100,000
Rotary blower-rotary-liquid ring pump 1 torr 100-10,000
Rotary blower-rotary-piston pump Three 1 torr
stage
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Typical Capacities and Operating Ranges of Vac. Equipment(Contd)....
Integrated pumping systems
150C Water sealed Lowest suction Capacity,
press. Ft3/min
Ejector-liquid ring pump 150 micron 100-100,000
Rotary blower-rotary-liquid ring pump 1 torr 100-10,000
Rotary blower-rotary-piston pump Three stage 1 torr
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Types
SINGLE STAGE
MULTI STAGE
With or Without Inter condensers
Various combination of series of jets with no inter condenser
The condenser may be barometric or surface type
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MOC
Ejectors are available in Wide variety of material Stainles steel, Cast Steel, Monel,
Hastelloy, Titanium ,Rubber-lined steel, graphite, PVC,FRP
The nozzle is usually of SS or Monel.
The inter-condesers and after-condensers are usually made up of the same material
that of ejector.
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Solid Conveying Eductors
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Venturi Flow Controls
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What To Do for Design / Selection
Among the variables that your particular design of steam ejector
Suction pressure required.
Steam available.
Water available.
Fluid to be evacuated.
Equipment cost.
Installation cost.
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System selection
Operating cost
Maintenance cost
Ease of cleaning
Serviceability
Solvent recovery
Effect on process
Handling of upsets
Purchase price
Materials of construction
Waste generation
Emission reduction
Operating range
Reliability
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Ejector System Advantages
Simple design, no moving parts & practically no wear
Flexible mounting orientation
Can be manufactured in any metal & various types of plastic
Lowest capital coat
Has the largest capacity of any vacuum producing device
No Special start up or shutdown procedures required
Can handle Condensable loads
Easy repair & Maintenance
Operating pressures down to 5 microns HgA
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Other Considerations
Requires a pressurized motive source
Process gas may contaminate motive fluid
May require discharge silencers or noise insulation
Normally requires a cooling liquid source to condense vapors and motive fluid
Motive fluid may back – stream into the process
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Vac. Process Condenser
A vacuum process condenser is positioned between a process vacuum vessel and a
vacuum system.
Its main purpose is to reclaim fluids as condensate before they enter the vacuum
system.
Reduces the capital and operational cost of the vacuum system.
Reduces waste treatment cost
Recovers Valuable product for re-use.
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Air Leakage
AIR LEAKAGE=X= AIR+NON CONDENSABLE+PROCESS RELEASED
AIR+PROCESS RELEASED NON CONDENSALES.(PER Hr.)
USE 2 TO 3 TIMES “X” FOR NEW DESIGN OR USE DROP TEST ON THE SYSTEM.
ADD LEAKAGES FOR PIPING,FLAGES,AGITATOR GLANDS ETC.
ADD 5 Lb/Hr. FOR EACH AGITATOR IN THE SYSTEM.
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Air Leakage (Contd)…
Since the determination of air leakage involves considerable knowledge of vacuum
systems and judgments, no empirical method can be expected to yield exact and
correct value.
In general the incremental cost may be very small between a unit barely large
enough and one with ample capacity.
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Steam Pressure
Generally selected base on the steam available in the system. .Based on that the
ejector is designed.
Higher the actual design pressure of an ejector lower the steam consumption
Increase in steam press over design will not increase vapour handing capacity for the
usual fixed capacity ejector.
The best ejector steam economy is attained when the steam nozzle and diffuser are
proportioned for a specified performance.
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Suction / Discharge Pressure
The suction pressure of an ejector is expressed in absolute units. The suction
pressure follows the ejector capacity curve.
Performance of an ejector is a function of backpressure. Most designer design
atmospheric discharge ejector for a pressure of 0.5 to 1.0 psig.
The pressure drop through any piping and after cooler must be consideration.
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Capacity
The capacity of an ejector is expressed as Lb/Hr. of total non-condensable plus
condensable to the inlet flange of the unit.
For multistage units, total capacity must be separated.
The final stages are only required to handle the non-condensable + saturation
moisture leaving the inter condenser.
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Pressure Control
The pressure of a process that operates under vacuum will vary if the vacuum system
is left unrestrained.
All processes do not require pressure control.
In certain cases, the higher the vacuum, the better the process runs.
The type of control may vary based on the type of vacuum equipment.
Applying the right technology to a process is important.
Understanding the options is key to choosing the right technology.
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Single Stage Ejector Control Options
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Required Basic Design information for liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Operating pressure
Discharge pressure
Mass flow rate of each component*
Molecular weight of components
Sealant fluid and properties
Cooling fluid information
Type
Temperature
Power supply
Materials of Construction
System Type
Once – through
Total recirculation
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Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump System Advantages
Simple design with only one rotating assembly
Can be manufactured in any mental that can be cast
Vary low noise and vibration
Very little increase in temperature of discharge gas, “Cool running”
Can handle condensable loads
Liquid in the sanction will not damage the pump
Can handle small particulars without damage
Easy maintenance, easy to re - build
Slow speeds of 1800 rpm or less for maximum life
Can be started and stopped repeatedly
Can be any type of liquid for the sealants fluid
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Other Considerations
Process gas may contaminate sealant fluid
Cavitation can occur, requires a noncondensable load
Most of the Operating hp is used to form the liquid ring, resulting in large motors
Operating pressure depends upon sealant fluid’s vapor pressure
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Thank You
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