I2C

Embedded
CAN
Networking Protocols
BLUETOOTH, ZIGBEE
 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

INTRODUCTION
 Protocols are sets of rules and conventions that
dictate how devices or components exchange
data and control information in a communication
network

 define the format of the exchanged data, the

timing of communication, error-handling
mechanisms, and the roles of the communicating
entities

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 2

I2C

62
 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION
 I2C is invented in 1989 by Philips semiconductor
 It is a serial protocol with only two wire interface like UART
 Widely used for short distance and intra-board communication
 I2C has the best features of both SPI and UART protocols
 It can support multi-master and
multi-slave configuration
Operate upto 400kpbs

[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 37

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION
 I2C protocol use only two pins Serial Data (SDA) and
Serial Clock (SCL)

 Data is transmitted bit by bit along SDA in I2C

 SDA (Serial Data) – Bidirectional connection between

master and slave

 SCL (Serial Clock) – clock signal

5

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 40

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

INTRODUCTION
 I2C is also a synchronous protocol, hence the output
is synchronized using clock signal

 Common clock signal is shares between master and

slave

 Master always controls the clock signal

 Master device addresses the slave devices via SCL

6

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 41

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
HOW I2C WORKS
 Data is transferred as messages in I2C
 Messages are broken to frames of data
 Each message contains a binary address frame of the
slave and data frames
 One or many data frames with data can be
transferred in one message
 The message has start and stop conditions, read,
write, ACK & NACK bit between each data frame
7

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 42

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
HOW I2C WORKS

[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 43

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
HOW I2C WORKS
 Start Condition: The SDA pin switches from high to
low voltage level before the SCL pin switches from
high to low

 Stop Condition: The SDA pin switches from low to

high voltage after SCL pin switches from low to high

 Address Frame: 7 or 10 bit unique address is

assigned to each slave for identifying when master
wants to connect to it 9

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 44

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
HOW I2C WORKS
 Read/Write Bit: This bit defines the state of master,
whether it is sending data (low) or receiving data
(high)

 ACK/NACK Bit: Each frame is followed by a ACK bit.

 If message is successfully received, an ACK bit is

returned
10

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 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION

11

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 39

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT-
Open drain

12

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 39

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT-
Open drain

13

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 39

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-1: The master

sets the start
condition by setting
all SDA pin to low
before setting SCL pin

14

[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 46

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-2: The master

sends 7 or 10 bit
address to each slave
with which it wants to
communicate with,
along with the
read/write bit
15

[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 47

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION
STEP-3:
 After receiving address
from master, slave
compare the address
with its own address
 If the address matches,
ACK bit is sent and SDA
pin is switched to low
 If address does not
matches slave keeps 16

the SDA pin high [Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 48

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-4: The master

sends or receives the
data frame

17

[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-5: After each

successful data
reception the receiving
device sent a ACK bit

18
[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

STEP-6: To end the

data transmission, the
master sets the SCL pin
high before setting SDA
pin high

19

[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

Multiple Master
with Multiple
Slaves
Single Master with
Multiple Slaves

20
[Link]

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
 ADVANTAGES:
 Only uses two wires
 Supports multiple masters and slaves
 Use chip addressing
 ACK/NACK bit for successful transmission
 it can work well with both slow and fast ICs.
 DISADVANTAGES:
 Slower data transfer rate than SPI
 Clock speed limitation & power dissipation because of pull-
up resistor
 hardware complexity increases with multi master/slave
configuration 21

 Frame overhead due to ack bits and device address bits

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

I2C Line Pin in

Arduino
SDA A4
SCL A5

22

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 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Arduino function for I2C protocol (Wire Library)

[Link]() - Initialize the I2C bus

[Link](address, quantity)
address- 7 bit address of the device to request bytes
quantity- The number of bytes to request
[Link]() – receives a byte of data transmitted from slave to master
[Link]() – sends data to master from slave on request
[Link](handler) – register a function to call when master request data from
slave
[Link](handler) - Registers a function to be called when a slave device receives a
transmission from a master
[Link]() – reads a byte transmitted form slave to master
[Link]() – writes data to slave on request from master
[Link]()- modifies the clock frequency of I2C

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 32

 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Master read I2C – Arduino Interface
include <Wire.h>
void setup()
{
[Link](); // join i2c bus (address optional for master)
[Link](9600); // start serial for output
}
void loop()
{
[Link](8, 6); // request 6 bytes from slavedevice #8
while ([Link]())
{
// slave may send less than requested
char c = [Link](); // receive a byte as character
[Link](c); // print the character
}
delay(500); 24

}
MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Slave sender I2C – Arduino Interface
#include <Wire.h>
void setup()
{
[Link](8); // join i2c bus with address #8
[Link](requestEvent); // register event
}
void loop()
{
delay(100);
}
// function that executes whenever data is requested by master
// this function is registered as an event, see setup()
void requestEvent()
{ [Link]("hello "); // respond with message of 6 bytes // as expected by
master
} 25

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 PROGRAM
Read the switch state on Master and control LED on
Slave

Write a program to implement a I2C communication between two

Arduino Uno. Configure one of the Arduino as master and other as
slave. Master is interfaced with Switch (Push button) and slave is
connected with LED. Establish a I2C communication between
master and slave, blink a LED on slave whenever switch is pressed
on Master. Simulate and verify this logic on Arduino Uno using
Tinkercad circuits simulator.
LAB- ECE4003-Embedded System Design 26
 LAB TASK-1
Program Program Design
(Master) (Slave)

LAB- ECE4003-Embedded System Design 27

QUIZ

28
QUIZ

29
QUIZ

30
CAN

31
 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
INTRODUCTION
 Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is developed
by Robert Bosch in 1986
 Later CAN was standardized as ISO-11898 and ISO-
11519
 It is a two-wired , serial half-duplex and
asynchronous type of communication protocol.
 Needs only two wires named CAN_H and CAN_L.
 Operates at data rates of up to 1 Megabit per
second. 32

 No host computer
MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 CAN-INTRODUCTION

33

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
INTRODUCTION

34

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
 Host controller (MCU) is responsible for the functioning of the
respective node.

 CAN controller convert the messages in accordance with the CAN

protocols for transmitting via CAN transceiver

 CAN controller can either be connected separately or embedded inside

the host controller

35

MODULE - 4
 CONTROL AREA NETWORK

36

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CAN-INTRODUCTION

37

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CAN ARCHITECTURE
 CAN uses the existing OSI reference model for data
transmission

 OSI reference model represents a set of seven layers

 CAN protocol uses lower two layers of OSI physical layer and
data link layer.

38

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CAN ARCHITECTURE

DATA LINK LAYER:

 LLC is responsible for frame acceptance filtering,
overload notification, and recovery management
 Once, framing is done it is followed by arbitration,
error detection and acknowledgement handled by
MAC layer

PHYSICAL LAYER:
 responsible for the transmission of raw data.
 It defines the specifications for the parameters such
39

as voltage level, timing, data rates, and connector.

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES
 There are four different message frames in CAN
 Data frames

 Remote frames

 Error frames

 Overload frames
Data and remote frame are set by user and other two
are set by CAN hardware 40

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES
 Data frames

41

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

SOF 11 bit RTR IDE r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS
identifier byte
data

Various fields in standard CAN

42

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 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING
 SOF - Start of Frame bit. It indicates start of
message and used to synchronize the nodes on a
bus. A dominant bit (logic 0) in the field marks the
start of frame.
 IDENTIFIER-It serves dual purpose, one to determine
which node has access to the bus and second to
identify the type of message.
 RTR - Remote Transmission Request. It identifies 43

whether it’s a data frame or a remote frame. RTR is

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING
 IDE – Identifier Extension. It is used to specify the
frame format. Dominant bit is for standard and
recessive for extended frame.
 R0 - Reversed bit. Not used currently and kept for
future use.

 DLC – Data Length Code. It is 4 bit data length code

that contains the number of bytes being transmitted.
44

 DATA – Used to store up to 64 data bits of application

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 149
 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING
 CRC– Cyclic Redundancy Check. The 16-bit (15 bits
plus delimiter) cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
contains the checksum of the preceding application
data for error detection.

 ACK – Acknowledge (ACK) field. It compromises of

the ACK slot and the ACK delimiter. When the data is
received correctly the recessive bit in ACK slot is
overwritten as dominant bit by the receiver.
45

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
STANDARD CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING
 EOF– End of Frame (EOF). The 7-bit field marks the
end of a CAN frame (message) and disables

 IFS - Inter Frame Space that specifies minimum

number of bits separating consecutive messages

 IFS provides the intermission between two frames

and consists of three recessive bits known as
intermission bits. This allows nodes for internal
processing before the start of next frame. 46

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
EXTENDED CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING

S 11-bit SRR IDE 18-bit R r1 r0 DLC 0…8 CRC ACK EOF IFS
O identifier Identifier T Bytes
F R Data

Various fields in EXTENDED CAN

47

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
EXTENDED CAN - MESSAGE FRAMING
 It is same as 11-bit identifier with some added fields

 SRR- Substitute Reverse Request- always

transmitted as a recessive bit to make sure standard
data frame always have the same priority

 R1- It is another bit not used currently and kept for

future use.
48

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES
 Error frames – If transmitting or receiving node detects an
error, it will immediately abort transmission and send error
frame consisting of an error flag made up of six dominant bits
and error flag delimiter made up of eight recessive bits.

Field within DATA or Error Frame Interface space or

Error Frame overload frame

Error Active
0……5 8
Error Flag Field Error Delimiter Field
Error Passive
49

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK
MESSAGE FRAME - TYPES
 Overload frame-It is similar to error frame but used for
providing extra delay between the messages. An Overload
frame is generated by a node when it becomes too busy and
is not ready to receive.

50

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 CONTROL AREA NETWORK

 Future of CAN bus

 Need to accommodate increasing advanced vehicle
 Role of Internet of Things in vehicles
 Development of autonomous vehicles
 The advancement of cloud computing
 To address security issues
 Vehicle telematics

51

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

BLUETOOTH

52
 BLUETOOTH
INTRODUCTION
 Bluetooth is a transceiver protocol works in 2.4GHz
wireless link
 It’s a secure protocol, and it’s perfect for short-
range, low-power, low-cost, wireless transmissions
 Bluetooth is a dynamic standard where devices can
automatically find each other, establish connections,
and discover what they can do for each other on an
ad hoc basis
 Bluetooth networks can be referred as piconet and
scatternet 53

 It uses a master/slave model

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION

54

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
 A single master device can be connected to up to
seven different slave devices

 The master coordinates communication

throughout the piconet. It can send data to any of its
slaves and request data from them as well

 Slaves are only allowed to transmit to and receive

from their master. They can’t talk to other slaves in
the piconet
55

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH ADDRESS AND NAMES
 Every single Bluetooth device has a unique 48-bit
address, commonly abbreviated BD_ADDR.
 presented in the form of a 12-digit hexadecimal
value.
 The most-significant half (24 bits) of the address is
an organization unique identifier (OUI), which
identifies the manufacturer.
 The lower 24-bits are the more unique part of the
address.

56

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH VERSIONS

57

MODULE - 4
 BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK

MODULE - 4 171
 BLUETOOTH

 Radio: This layer defines the requirements for a

transceiver to operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. (air
interface, frequency bands, FHSS)

 Baseband: The Baseband layer describes the

specification of the Bluetooth Link Controller (LC),
and carries baseband protocol. Two types of link can
be created in baseband are ACL and SCO.
(addressing schemes, packet format, timing control)
59

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 172

 BLUETOOTH
Two types of link between master and slave

 Asynchronous Connection Less (ACL)

 Packet switched data
 Slave can have only one ACL link to master
 Used for correct delivery over fast delivery
 Maximum data rate of 721 kbps
 Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)
 Real time data transmission
 Damaged packet cannot be retransmitted
 Data rate of 64 kbps 60

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
 LMP: Used by the Link managers for link set-up
and control. (Authentication, message encryption)

 Host Controller Interface (HCI): HCI provides a

command interface to the Baseband LC and Link
Manager, to access hardware status and control
registers.

 L2CAP: Logical Link Control and Adaptation

Protocol (L2CAP) supports higher level protocol
multiplexing, packet segmentation and 61

reassembly, and also conveys the quality of service

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH

 RFCOMM: The RFCOMM protocol provides

emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP
protocol. The protocol is based on the ETSI standard
TS 07.10.

 SDP: The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) provides a

means for applications to discover, which services
are provided by or available through a Bluetooth
device
62

 TCS: telephony control protocol for telephony service

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH
72 bits 54 bits 0-2744 bits
Access Code Header Data

Preamble Synchronisati Traile Header Payload body CRC

(4) on (64) r (4)
Access code (AC) Data - contains data or
 Used for packet identification control information from
 Once packet is received, receiver in piconet will upper layer
compare the incoming signal with AC, if any mismatch Header – identifies logical
is found packet will be ignored channel
 72 bit AC is derived from master identity Payload body – contains user
 It is used for synchronization data
 Three types CRC- 16 bit checksum
 Channel AC – targets piconet ID
 Device AC – individual devices 63

 Inquiry AC – used during pairing

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH
3 bits 4 bits 1 bits 1 bits 1 bits 8 bits
AM_ADDR Type Flow ARQN SEQN HEC

Header
 Address – it can address up to 7 slave devices, if it is 0, then messages will
broadcasted
 Type – defines type of incoming data
ACL – Data medium (DM) or Data High (DH)
SCO - Data Voice (DV) and High Quality Voice (HV)
 12 types of packet for each SCO and ACL
 4 common control packets
 Flow- 1 bit flow control
 ARQN – 1 bit acknowledgement
 SEQN – 1 bit sequential numbering scheme for packet ordering
 HEC – Header error check
64
 Header = 3 X 18 bits = 54 bits

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
BONDING AND PAIRING
 When two Bluetooth devices want to connect, they
can be bonded together.
 Bonded devices automatically establish a connection
whenever they’re close enough.
 Bonds are created through a one-time process called
pairing.
 On pairing devices share their addresses, name,
profiles and they are stored in memory.
 The also share a common secret key, which allows
MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH
BONDING AND PAIRING
 Pairing requires an authentication process to
establish connection between devices.
 Sometimes pairing is a simple “Just Works”
operation, where the click of a button is all it takes to
pair (this is common for devices with no UI, like
headsets).
 Older, legacy (v2.0 and earlier), pairing processes
involve the entering of a common PIN code on each
device. The PIN code can range in length and 66

complexity fromECE4003
MODULE - 4
four numbers (e.g. “0000” or
– EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH
CONNECTION PROCESS
 Creating a Bluetooth connection between two
devices is a multi-step process involving three
progressive states.

 Step-1 Inquiry: If two Bluetooth devices know

absolutely nothing about each other, one must run an
inquiry to try to discover the other

 On receiving the inquiry the device which listens to

such a request will send back address, name and
67

other informationECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

MODULE - 4
 BLUETOOTH
CONNECTION PROCESS

 Step-2 Paging (Connecting) – Paging is the process of

forming a connection between two Bluetooth devices.

 Step-3 Connection – After a device has completed the

paging process, it enters the connection state.

 The mode of operation of device is decided in

connection phase
68

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
CONNECTION MODES

69

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
CONNECTION MODES
 Active Mode – regular connected mode, where device
send and receive data ( regular connection up-to 7
devices)
 Sniff Mode – power saving mode, less active mode
(frees slave for predetermined period of time,
recurring fixed time slot)
 Hold Mode – temporary mode, device will be sleeping
for a particular period of time (frees slave for
predetermined period of time, one time slot)
 Park Mode – sleep mode with infinite time, slave will
70

wake only if master

MODULE - 4
tells it to wake up (maximum of
ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH
POWER CLASSES

 The transmit power determines the range of a

Bluetooth module and it is defined by its power class.

 There are three defined classes of power:

Class Number Max Output Max Output Max Range
Power Power
Class 1 20 dBm 100 mW 100 m
Class 2 4 dBm 2.5 mW 10 m
Class 3 0 dBm 1 mW 10 cm
71

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE
 HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial
Port Protocol) module, designed for transparent
wireless serial connection setup.
 The HC-05 Bluetooth Module can be used in a Master
or Slave configuration, making it a great solution for
wireless communication.
 This serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified
Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps
modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver
72

and baseband. ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

MODULE - 4
 BLUETOOTH
HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE
 The Bluetooth module HC-05 is a MASTER/SLAVE
module. By default the factory setting is SLAVE.

 The Role of the module (Master or Slave) can be

configured only by AT COMMANDS.

 Master module can initiate a connection to other

devices. The user can use it simply for a serial port
replacement to establish connection between MCU
and GPS, PC to your embedded project, etc. 73

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE
 Hardware Features
 Up to +4 dBm RF transmit power.
 3.3 to 5 V I/O.
 PIO(Programmable Input/Output) control.
 UART interface with programmable baud rate.
 With integrated antenna.
 Software Features
 Slave default Baud rate: 9600, Data bits:8, Stop
bit:1,Parity:No parity.
 Auto‐connect to the last device on power as default. 74
 Permit pairing device to connect as default.

MODULE - 4 Auto‐pairing PINCODE:”1234” as default
ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 BLUETOOTH
HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE

75

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE – Arduino
#define ledPin 7
int state = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
[Link](38400); // Default communication rate of the Bluetooth module
}
void loop() {
if([Link]() > 0){ // Checks whether data is comming from the serial port
state = [Link](); // Reads the data from the serial port
}
76
if (state == '0') {

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 BLUETOOTH
HC05 – BLUETOOTH MODULE – Arduino

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn LED OFF

[Link]("LED: OFF"); // Send back, to the phone, the String "LED: ON"
state = 0;
}
else if (state == '1') {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
[Link]("LED: ON");;
state = 0;
}
}
77

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

ZIGBEE

78
 ZIGBEE
INTRODUCTION
 ZigBee protocol is mostly used in the power
constraint short distance communication

 Why another short range communication protocol ?

 Bluetooth
 Wi-Fi
?
 ZigBee is specially build for control and sensor
applications
 ZigBee is a standard with- very low cost, low power79

device, low data rate and short range

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 ZIGBEE
INTRODUCTION
 Most commonly used standard in IoT
 Open source standard developed by ZigBee Alliance
 It works on IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless
personal area networks
 ZigBee operates at 868 MHz (Europe), 902-928MHz
(US & Australia) and 2.4 GHz (worldwide) frequencies
 Data rate of 250 kbps, supports low data rate
applications
80
 provides a 128-bit AES encryption
MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 ZIGBEE

 ZigBee devices can cover a distance range between

10-100 meters.
 It supports master-slave configuration or master-
master configuration
 ZigBee architecture consist of coordinator, router and
end device
 ZigBee supports star, tree and mesh topologies
 Modes of operation – Beacon and Beacon less
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MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 ZIGBEE NETWORK

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 ZIGBEE

 Coordinator
 Root of network
 One coordinator in each network
 It performs channel selection, assigning node ID,
allocation of unique address
 Routers
 Intermediate node between coordinator and end
node
 Route traffic between different nodes 83

MODULE - 4
 Allows otherECE4003
end– EMBEDDED
devices to join network
SYSTEM DESIGN
 ZIGBEE

 End Node
 They may be at sleep mode to increase battery
efficiency
 All traffic to end device is first routed to parent
node

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 ZIGBEE- STATES AND MODES

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 ZIGBEE

 Channel Access
 The coordinator assigns only one channel to the
network
 Methods of channel access
 Contention based - need not synchronized and used
CSMA
 CSMA: Channel goes to receive mode and check for
any signal, if no signal is detected then it will start
data transmission or else wait for a random period
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of time
 -4
MODULE ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
 ZIGBEE

ZigBee characteristics
 Low power consumption – extended battery life
 Low data rate – 200-250 kbps
 Wi-Fi- 11 Mbps, Bluetooth – 1 Mbps
 Short range
 75-100 meter indoor
 Up to 300 meters outdoor
 Network join time- 30 sec
 Large and small networks – 65000 (theoretical)
 Low cost
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 ZIGBEE

Zigbee protocol stack 88

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 ZIGBEE-PHYSICAL LAYER

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 ZIGBEE-MAC LAYER

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 ZIGBEE-NETWORK LAYER

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 ZIGBEE-Application Support Sub-
layer

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 ZIGBEE-Application Framework

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 ZIGBEE
Advantages of ZigBee Protocol

 Simple setup and maintenance

 Low power consumption, low data rate ideal for long

lifetime devices

 It can be used for lighting, security, appliance and

home access

 It offers network flexibility and scalability 94

MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 ZIGBEE-APPLICATIONS

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MODULE - 4 ECE4003 – EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

 ZIGBEE-APPLICATIONS

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 ZIGBEE-APPLICATIONS

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 ZIGBEE
ZigBee connection with Arduino

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