MODULE DESCRIPTION

Module name: Basic Quantitative Methods

Module code: GST 06104
Number of contact hrs. per week: 2hrs
Instructor: Mr. Japhet Kapaya
Mobile No: 0622103643/ 0676953643
INTRODUCTION

• Quantitative methods are those statistical and

programming techniques which helps decision
makers solve any problem, especially those
concerning business and industry.
• Quantitative methods provide ways to collect,
present, analyze and interpret the available data
meaningfully.
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Explain fractions and percentages
• EXAMPLE 1 Write the decimal or whole number as a percent.
(a) 0.27 (b) 0.875 (c) 1.73 (d) 0.004 (e) 2

• EXAMPLE 2 Write the fraction as a percent

(a) 67 (b) 1 (c) (d) 7 (e)

• EXAMPLE 3 Write the percent as a decimal

(a) 37% (b) 26.5% (c) 127% (d) 7% (e) 0.9% (f) (g) 167

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Explain Algebra , Powers And
Indices
What is Algebra
Algebra is a system of equations which consisting the coefficient
(number) and the unknown (letter).
It used to form and simplify algebraic expressions, work out the value
of algebraic in one unknown and simplify inequalities in one
unknown.
Fore example
What is the value of x in the equation?
2(3x – 2) = 3x + 8

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CONT………..
• Example 2
Francis has r shillings. John has s shillings. Juma has sh.150 less than
the total money of both Francis and John. Which one of the following
expressions gives the total amount of money do the three men have?
Example 3
 If x = 2, y = z - x and z = 3, What is the value of
3x – 4y + 2z
2 (x + 2y – z)

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CONT………….
• Example 4
In a meeting there were 30 women than men and three times as
many men as children. If there were 1,360 people altogether. What
was the number of children in the meeting?
Example 5
 What is the value of p in the equation?
(8p- 4) = 4p +7

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CONT………….
• Example 6
 Omammo is two years older than Temo and three years younger
than Mbeti. The sum of their ages is 64 years. If Omamo’s age is m,
what of the equation can be used to find Omamo’s age?
Example 7
What is the simplified form of 5x + (8x – 2y)

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 Powers and Indices
What is Powers or Indices
A knowledge of powers, or indices as they are often
called, is essential for an understanding of most
algebraic processes.
Exponent is the repeated product of a real number by
itself. These are used to express large numbers in
shorter form to make them easy to read, understand,
compare and operate upon.

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CONT…………
a × a × a × a = a4 (read as ‘a’ raised to the exponent 4 or
the fourth power of a),
where ‘a’ is the base and 4 is the exponent and a4 is
called the exponential form.
a × a × a × a is called the expanded form.

Laws of exponents are

The first rule: am × an = am+n
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 CONT…………

The second rule: (am)n = amn

The third rule: am ÷an = am−n
The fourth rule: a0 = 1

The fifth rule: a−1 = and a−m = am

The sixth rule: a = √a and a = √a

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CONT………….
For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole
numbers m and n,
(vii) am × an = am+n
(viii) am ÷ an = am–n , m>n
(ix) am × bm = (ab)m
(x) am ÷ bm =
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CONT…………

A final result:
a = (ap) = √ap,
•a
• p q = (a
• 1 q )p = ( q √a)p

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CONT………….
ASSIGNMENT 01
Summarize three different articles concerning with powers and
indices.
Submission date: 3rd June 2025

QUIZ
 In a certain year a tea factory produced 2500 tonnes of tea leaves.
The following year the tonnes increased to 4000. What is the
percentage increase?

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EXPLAIN SEQUENCE AND SERIES
• What is a Sequences
• A sequence is a set of numbers written in a definite order
such that there is a rule by which the terms are obtained. OR
• Is a set of number with a simple pattern
• Such As;
• 1. A set of even numbers. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10……………..
• 2. A set of odd numbers. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11……………
• Knowing the pattern the next number from the previous can
be obtained.
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CONT…………
• Examples
1. Given; 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, what will be the next term?
2. Given the sequence; 2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12….....
What is
i. The first term
ii. The 3rd term
iii. The 5th term
iv. The nth term [the general formula]
v. Find the 100th term, general formula = 2n
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CONT…………
3. Find the nth term
½, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, ………….
Solution
½, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, ………. n/n+1

4. Given the general term 3[2n]

a) Find the first 5 terms
b) Find the sum of the first 3 terms

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CONT…………
Other Questions
1. Find the nth term of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, ……………..
2. Find the nth term of the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, .………
3. The nth term of a sequence is given by 2n+1 write down the 10th
terms.
4. The nth term of a sequence is 2n-1 find the sum of the first three
terms.

5. If the general term of a certain sequence is 2+(-1n ) find first four

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 Series
• A series is something we obtain from a sequence by adding
all the terms together.
• Suppose you have the sequence u1, u2, u3, ...,un
The series we obtain from this is u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un ,
 Example
a) 1+2+3+4+5…………..
b) 2+4+6+8+10……………100.
c) -3-6-9…………….
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CONT…………
• Types of Series
1. Finite series is the series which ends after a finite number of terms
E.g. 2+4+6+8+………………100.
-3-6-9-12-………………..27.
2. Infinite series Is a series which does note have an end E.g.
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8……………….
1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+.................
 Examples
1. Find the series of a certain sequence having 2(-1)n as general term
2. Find the sum of the first ten terms of the series -4-1+2…...........
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CONT…………
• Then S1 = 1, as it is the sum of just the first term on its own.
The sum of the first two terms is S2 = 1 + 2 = 3. Continuing,
we get
• S3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6, S4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10,
• A series is a sum of the terms in a sequence. If there are n
terms in the sequence and we evaluate the sum then we
often write Sn for the result, so that
• Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un .
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CONT…………
• Examples
• Write down S1, S2,...,Sn for the sequences
• (a) 1,3,5,7,9,11; (b) 4,2,0,−2,−4.

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Simple and Compound Interests
• simple interest
• Simple interest is interest charged on the entire principal for the entire
length of the loan.
• simple interest formula = principal * rate * time
I = P* R* T
The rate of interest is a percent for a given time period, usually one year.
The time in the interest formula must be expressed in the same unit of
time as the rate. If the rate is a percent per year, the time must be
expressed in years or a decimal or fractional part of a year. Similarly, if the
rate is a percent per month, the time must be expressed in months.

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CONT…………
• Examples
a) A loan of $17,500 for six years has a simple interest rate of 7.75%.
Find the interest
b) Find the interest on a $38,500 loan at a simple interest rate of
12.3% for five years.
c) The 7th Inning borrowed $6,700 at 9.5% simple interest for three
years. How much interest is paid?
d) Find the interest on a loan of $14,680 for 6 months at 9%.

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CONT…………
• maturity value of the loan
• Maturity value is the total amount of money due at the end of a loan
period
If the principal and interest are known
Maturity value = principal + interest
 If the principal, rate, and time are known
Maturity value = P + PRT
Quick check
Find the maturity value of a loan of $48,600 at 9%, for 8 months.
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 COMPOUND INTEREST
Compound interest refers to the total interest that accumulated after
more than one interest period.
Comparing Simple to Compound Interest
• For example
• Regina Foster wants to compare simple interest to compound interest
on a $2000 investment.
(a) Find the interest if funds earn 6% simple interest for 1 year.
(b) Find the interest if funds earn 6%, interest compounded every 6
months for 1 year.
(c) Find the difference between the two.
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CONT…………
• Example 2
• $15,000 is invested for 1 year. Find the future value based on
(a) simple interest of 8, and
(b) 8%, interest compounded every 6 months.
© Then find the difference between the two.
• Example 3
• The Sponsor need $5000 in 4 years for a down payment on a new car. They
invest $3800 in an investment that pays 6%, interest compounded annually.
• (a) Find the excess of compound interest over simple interest at the end of 4
years.
• (b) Will they have enough money to meet their goal?
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Computation of Discounts
 Discount
•In a business context, a discount refers to a reduction in the
price of a product or service. This reduction can be offered
for various reasons such as promoting sales, clearing out
inventory, or as a reward to loyal customers. In other words
a discount is a reduction in the price of a product or service.
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DISCOUNT

Mathematically a discount is given by:

• Discount Amount = Original Price x Discount Rate

Example: 1
Mutiso paid sh.330 for an item after the shopkeeper
gave him a 12% discount. What was the market price
of the radio?
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CONT………
• Solution
• Marked price = 100%
• Discount = 12%
• Selling Price = 100% - 12%
• Selling Price = 88%
• If 88 % = 330
• 100% = ?
• 100 x 330 = Sh375

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CONT………
• Example: 2
• A clothing store offers a 20% discount on all winter
jackets to encourage customers to purchase them
before the arrival of spring where each jacket costs
30,000/=. Calculated the discount amount.

• Discount Amount = Original selling Price x discount rate

• Discount Amount = 30,000 x 20%
• Discount Amount = 6000
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MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
This is the value that describes a set of data by identifying the central
values of the given set values.
 These includes;
(i) Mean
(ii) Mode
(iii) Median

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THE MEAN
• (i) Mean (Arithmetic Mean)
• Arithmetic mean(X) is the average of the given data (values).

• Mean for ungrouped data

• Mean (X) = sum of observation

X=∑X
N

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CONT………….
• Mean for grouped data
• (a) By direct mean method
• Mean by direct method is given by the following formula,
•
Mean(X) =
• ∑fx Where x is Class mark and f is frequency
∑f

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CONT………….
(b) Mean by Assumed mean

Mean(X) A+ ∑fd
 ∑f

Where; A – is assumed mean

 d – is deviation (X – A)
 ∑f– is frequency summation

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CONT………….
Example: Given the score below

Marks 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

Frequency 5 3 20 2 10

•Calculate the mean;

•(a) By direct mean method

•(b) By Assumed mean method

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MEDIANS
Median is the middle value of the given distribution when arranged in
ascending or descending order.

Median for ungrouped data

• Example
• You have given 4, 10, 14, 6, 8.
Then median value will be 8
• Ascending order, 4,6,8,10,14

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CONT…………..
• Median for grouped data

Median = L + N -
C

L = Lower class boundary of a median class

N = Number of the frequencies
= Sum of frequency before the frequency of median class
= Frequency within the median class
C = Class size
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CONT…………..

•Example: You have given the following data

C.I 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90 91-95
Frequency 2 5 12 14 10 18 4 2 3

• Required to determine the median

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THE MODE

•It is a value which occurs most frequently in a data set.

•Data may have more than one mode or no node at all.

•Example i) 2,3,3,4,5,5,6

•The mode of data above is 3 and 5

i) 2,3,4,5,6

• There is no mode for the data above.

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CONT…………..

•The mode of grouped data

• Mode = L + [t1/ (t1+t2)] C
• Where, L = Lower limit of the mode class
• T1= difference of the frequency mode and the frequency of the
lower class
• T2 = difference of the frequency mode and the frequency of the
higher class
• I = Mode class interval

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CONT…………..
• Example: study the table below and find the mode

Mass[kg] 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64

frequency 7 8 11 10 4

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION

This indicates the scattering of data. It is the extent to which values in a

distribution differs from the average of distribution. It gives us an idea
about the extent to which individual items vary from one another and from
the central value.

It measured the spreading (scatter) of the data. Which

determines how varies from one another or from the mean.

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CONT…………..
• Measures of dispersion includes;
a) Range
b) Variance
c) Standard deviation
• Range
• This refers to the difference between the highest value and the lowest
value in a given distribution.

Range =Maximum value – Minimum value

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• Variance
• This is average of squared deviations of individual values from their
arithmetic mean.

• Variance for ungrouped data is given by;

Var (x)=

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• Variance for grouped data is given by;

Var (x)=

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• Standard deviation
• Standard deviation is a measure that is used to quantify the amount
of variation or dispersion of a set of data values, or is the measure of
dispersion of a set of data from its mean.
• Standard deviation is given by taken the square root of Variance.

Standard Deviation (SD)=

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• SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD DEVIATION
i. If the standard deviation is zero, it indicates that there is no
deviation and all observations are equal to mean.
ii. If the standard deviation is small, it indicates that the observations
are close to the mean.
iii. (iii)If the standard deviation is large, it indicates that there is high
degree of dispersion of observations from the mean

QUESTION: Explain the importance of measures of dispersion

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Apply coordinates and graphs
• Coordinate is the branch of mathematics which deal with study of
points in the fields.
It used to find and describe the position of an object from its initial
position, called Origin, where, all the coordinate axes intersect.
For example, a book is placed above 10 m from the ground, 20 m
from the place the observer is sitting. The width of room is 30 m. So,
using this information, it’s easy to find the coordinates and distance
from observer and the object.
• Plot the following point.
• P (2,2), T (-1,-2), L (2,-1)
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Use straight line and simultaneous
equations
• EQUATIONS IN A STRAIGHT LINE
• Gradient/ slope

• Slope =
• Equation
• A (3,2) N (x,y) m =1

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CONT…………..
• Example
• A straight line is drawn through (2,4) and (-2,2). Draw a graph to find
where it intersects.
a) The y- axis
b) The x- axis

• Equation of line
Y= mx + c
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CONT…………..
• Questions
• Determine the value of K in order the line whose equation is Kx – y +5
passes through that point (3,5)

• Find the equation a line with a slope having the same Y- intercept as
the line 2x - 5y + 20 = 0

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 Cont……
• SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
• Simultaneous equations are of two or more algebraic
equations that share variables e.g. x and y.
• Simultaneous equations is a system of equations which
consist of two or more equations. The number of unknown
depends on the number of equations.
• They are called simultaneous equations because the
equations are solved at the same time. Each of these
equations on their own could have infinite possible
solutions.

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 METHODS OF SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS
EQUATIONS

Simultaneous equations can be solved

by using different methods depending
on what sort of simultaneous equations
you are dealing with.
I. Elimination method
II. Substitution method
III. Graphic method

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 Elimination method
Example 01
Consider two variables
X – 2y = 8
2x + y = 5
Solve by using elimination method
Solution:
X – 2y = 8 ------------------ (i)
2x + y = 5------------------- (ii

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 Cont.……..
2 x – 2y = 8
1 2x + y = 5
2x – 4y = 16
2x + y = 5
-5y = 11

-5y = 11
-5 -5
Then, find X

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 Cont.………
• Example 02
X – 2y = 8------------- (i)
2x + y = 5------------- (ii)
1 x – 2y = 8
-2 2x + y = 5
X – 2y = 8
-4x – 2y = -10
By using (-) sign
X – 2y = 8
-4x – 2y = -10

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5x = 18 Mr Kapaya 56
 Eg 02 cont……..
5x = 18
5 5
X = 18
5
X=18 and Y= -11
5 5
Example: 3
3a + 2b = 19-------------- (i)
4a + 3b = 27------------- (ii) Then, find ‘a’ and ‘b’

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 Cont.……….
Eg3

3 3a + 2b = 19
2 4a + 3b = 27
9a + 6b = 57
By using (-) sign
8a + 6b = 54

A=3
Then find b
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 Cont.……….
Example 04
3a + 2b = 19--------------- (i)
4a + 3b = 27--------------- (ii)

4 3a + 2b = 19
3 4a + 3b = 27
12a + 8b = 78
12a + 9b = 81
B=5
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 SOLVE BY SUBSTITUITION METHODS

Example: 1
X – 2y = 8
2x + y = 5

By using substitution method

X – 2y = 8-------------- (i)
2x + y = 5--------------- (ii)
Then find X by using equation (i)
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 Cont.…………
X – 2y = 8
X – 2y +2y = 8 + 2y
X= 8 + 2y------------- (iii)

From equation (ii)

2x + y = 5----------- (ii)
2 (8+2y) + y= 5
16 + 4y + y = 5
16 + 5y = 5
16 – 16 + 5y = 5 – 16
5y = -11
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 Cont.………
5y= -11
5 5

Y= -11
5
Then, from equation (iii)

X = 8+2y ---------------- (iii)

X= 8 + (2 x -11)
5
X= 8 + -22
5
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 Cont.………….
X= 40-22
5
X=18
5
X=18 and y= -11
5 5
Example 2:
3a + 2b =19
4a + 3b = 27
Solve by using substitution method
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 Cont.……
Solution
3a + 2b = 19----------- (i)
4a + 3b = 27----------- (ii)

By using equation (i)

3a + 2b = 19
3a + 2b -2b = 19 – 2b
3a = 19 – 2b
3a = 19 – 2b
3 3

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 Cont.………….
A= 19 – 2b ----------- (iii)
3
From equation (ii)
4a + 3b = 27
4 (19 – 2b) + 3b = 27
3
(76 – 8b) + 3b = 27
3
3 x (76 – 8b) + 3bx3 = 27x3
3
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 Cont.…………
76 – 8b + 9b = 81
76 + b = 81
B = 81 – 76
B=5
Then, from equation (iii)
A= 19 – 2b
3
But b =5
A= 19 – 2x5
3
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 Cont.…………

A= 9

A=3
A=3 and b=5

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 BY USING GRSPHICAL METHOD

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 Cont.…………

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 Cont.…………

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 The Importance of Solving simultaneous Equations

I. Determine the relationship between the price of a

commodity and the quantities of the commodity
people want to buy at a certain price.
II. Describes the relationship between quantity, price
and other variables, such as income.
III. It helps train your brain to think.
IV. Equations are used to solve for the unknown
variables by using different operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

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 Cont.…………
• Problem-Solving Skills: They enhance critical thinking and
problem-solving abilities.
• Daily Life Calculations: Useful for situations where you need
to balance multiple variables, like budgeting or comparing
prices.
• Engineering Applications: Essential for designing systems
with multiple constraints, like bridges or machinery.
• Science Experiments: Help analyze data and interpret
relationships between variables in experiments.

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LINEAR INEQUALITY
• When a linear equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 is represented on
the coordinate plane, it representes the plane into two disjoint sets.
• Eg y = 4 separate the plane into two disjoint sets
• The point abave the line y = 4 satisfy the relation y > 4, while those in
the lower half plane satisfy the relation y < 4

• Shading the Regions

•

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LINEAR PROGRAMMING
• Linear Programming is the branch of mathematics which enables to
solve problems which one wants to get the greatest or least value of a
quantity.

• Solving linear programming problems.

• Example.
• 1. A farm is to be planted with wheat and maize while observing the
following

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 Cont.…………
Wheat Maize Maximum
Total • If wheat yields a profit of 800 Sh.
Days of 2 1 10 Per hectare while maize yields
labour per
hectare 600sh. Per hectare. How should
Labour cost 700 600 4200 the area be planted in order to
per hectare
(Shs)
get maximum profit?
Cost of 300 400 2400
fertilizers
per hectare
(Shs)

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2. A Doctor prescribes that in
order obtain an adequate supply
of vitamins A and C, his patient A C
shall have portions of food 1 and Food 1 3 2
2. The number of the units of Food 2 1 7
vitamin A and C are given in the
table
The doctor prescribe a minimum
of 14 units of vitamin A and 21
units of vitamin C . Find a least
number of food 1 and 2
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PROBABILITY
• Probability is the study which deals with mathematical prediction of
happening or non-happening of events.
It provide a quantitative occurrence of a situations. It is a measure of
chances.
• Probability =

Probability =

Sample space is a set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment.

An Event is a subset of a sample space.
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CONT………
Probability of a given event- is an expression of a likely hood
to chance of occurrence of an event
It is the possibility of occurrence of an event
E.g. Tossing a coin has two chances {H,T}.
The possibility of occurrence either Head or Tail is called
probability.

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CONT………
Experiment is the process of taking an observation or
measurements
 E.g. A process of tossing a Die it called an experiment
Those experiments are called sample space.
A sample space consist of all possible outcomes.
 Once you tossing a Die there are 6 sample space
Equally likely event
 Means that the situation where all events having equal chance to
occur
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CONT………
• Event- is something likely to occur
• For example: A Die is rolled . Find a probability of getting
i. Even numbers
ii. Odd numbers
iii. Prime numbers
SOLUTION
Sample space (s) = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
n(S) = (6)

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CONT………
i. Event (E) {2,4,6) n(E) = 3
From; P(E) = = P(E) = =

ii. (E) = (1,3,5) n(E) = 3

From; P(E) = = P(E) = =
iii. (E) = (1,2,5) n(E) = 3
From; P(E) = = P(E) = =

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CONT………
Qn. In tossing a Coin, what is a probability that the head will show up.
• From; P(E) =
Where n(E) = {H}, n(S) = {H,T}
P(E) = P(E) =

Qn. A bag contain 50 identical balls of which 20 are black and 30 are white; A
ball is drawn at randomly; what is the probability that
i. It is black
ii. It is white

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CONT………
• SOLUTION
i. n(S) = 50, n(E) = 20
From; P(E) = = P(E) = =

ii. n(S) = 50, n(E) = 30

From; P(E) = = P(E) = =

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CONT………
• Frequency distribution
• Refers to a list of frequences
• E.g. The frequency distribution table
• How do we find probability of frequency distribution
Observation (x) 1 2 3 4
Frequency 7 10 16 11

1. Find a probability of observation occurring two times

2. Find probability of observation occurring more than two times

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CONT………
• SOLUTION
1. P(2) = = P(2) = =

2. QUIZ

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APPLICATIONS OF PROBABILITY
1) Probability modes applied for making predictions of our issues
2) Applied to measure expectations in decision making
E.g. Meteorologists using probability for weather forecasting in a
country
-In the coming year we expecting to get large number of
Accountancy students.
3) It is used for quantitative analysis in the field of Business, in an
economics.

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