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Chi-Square Test Overview and Applications

The Chi-Square test is a statistical method for examining relationships between categorical variables by comparing observed data to expected data based on a hypothesis. It includes two main types: the Chi-Square Test of Independence and the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, and is applicable in various fields such as medical research, market research, and genetics. The test is simple, widely used, and does not assume normality, making it effective for large samples.

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9 views13 pages

Chi-Square Test Overview and Applications

The Chi-Square test is a statistical method for examining relationships between categorical variables by comparing observed data to expected data based on a hypothesis. It includes two main types: the Chi-Square Test of Independence and the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, and is applicable in various fields such as medical research, market research, and genetics. The test is simple, widely used, and does not assume normality, making it effective for large samples.

Uploaded by

wattos098
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chi Square Test

Name: Bilal Mehadi

Roll No: 247560

Degree: M phil Botany

Semester: 2nd Evening

Teacher Dr. Irfan

Government College University,


Introduction

The Chi-Square (χ²) test is a statistical


method used to examine the relationship
between categorical variables.

It compares observed data with data we


would expect to obtain according to a
specific hypothesis.
Formula Chi-Square Formula:
χ² = Σ [(Oᵢ – Eᵢ)² / Eᵢ]
Where:
•O = Observed frequency
•E = Expected frequency
•Σ = Summation over all
categories
Chi-Square Formula:
χ² = Σ [(Oᵢ – Eᵢ)² / Eᵢ]
Where:
•O = Observed frequency
•E = Expected frequency
•Σ = Summation over all
categories
The X2
statistic
Both of Pearson’s chi-square tests use the same formula to
calculate the chi-square (X ) statistic
2

Where:
X2 is the chi-square statistic
Σ is the summation operator
(i.e., it “takes the sum of”)
O is the observed frequency
E is the expected frequency

The larger the difference between the observations and


expectations (O – E in the equation), the bigger the chi-
square statistic will be.
The chi-square statistic gets compared with a critical
value using a chi-square critical value table or
statistical software.
Example – Test of
Independence
Gend
Likes Ice Cream Doesn’t Like Total
er
Male 30 10 40
Fema
20 20 40
le
Total 50 30 80

•Null Hypothesis (H₀): Gender and preference


are independent
•Calculate expected values and χ²
•Compare with critical value from table
Types of Chi-Square
Test
[Link]-Square Test of Independence
[Link] to determine whether two categorical variables
are related or independent.
[Link]: Is there an association between gender and
food preference

[Link]-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test


[Link] whether observed frequencies match expected
frequencies for a single categorical variable.
[Link]: Do dice rolls follow a uniform distribution
⚠️Error Analysis in Chi-
Square Test
[Link] I Error (False Positive):
•Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
•Solution: Use correct significance level (usually α =
0.05)

2. Type II Error (False Negative):


•Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
•Solution: Ensure sufficient sample size and
expected frequency ≥ 5
Interpretatio
n
•If χ² calculated > χ² critical → Reject H₀

•If χ² calculated ≤ χ² critical → Fail to


reject H₀

•The p-value also helps determine


significance
Importance of Chi-
Square Test
Simple and widely used

No assumption of normality

Useful in social sciences, marketing, genetics

Handles large samples effectively


Applications of Chi-
Square Test
•Medical Research: Checking the association between
drug and recovery rate

•Market Research: Understanding customer


preferences based on age/gender

•Education: Relation between study method and


performance

•Genetics: Validating Mendelian ratios

•Sociology: Comparing population responses in


Conclusio
n

The Chi-Square test is a powerful tool for testing


relationships in categorical data.

It is simple, widely used, and easy to interpret with


correct assumptions.
Presented by:
Bilal

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