Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques

Sujata Chakravarty Associate Professor RCMA, Bhubaneswar

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April 15, 2012

Introduction

Motivation: Why data mining?

What is data mining?

Data Mining: On what kind of data? Data mining functionality Classification of data mining systems Top-10 most popular data mining algorithms

Major issues in data mining

Overview of the course
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April 15, 2012

Why Data Mining?

The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes

Data collection and data availability

Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web, computerized society

Major sources of abundant data

Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks,

Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube

We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!

Necessity is the mother of inventionData miningAutomated analysis of massive data sets

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Evolution of Database Technology

1960s:

Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.)

1970s:

1980s:

Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)

Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web databases Stream data management and mining Data mining and its applications Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems
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1990s:

2000s

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What Is Data Mining?

Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)

Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data

Data mining: a misnomer? Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc. Simple search and query processing (Deductive) expert systems
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Alternative names

Watch out: Is everything data mining?

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Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process

Data miningcore of knowledge discovery process

Pattern Evaluation

Data Mining Task-relevant Data Data Warehouse Selection

Data Cleaning
Data Integration Databases
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Data Mining and Business Intelligence

Increasing potential to support business decisions

Decision Making
Data Presentation Visualization Techniques Data Mining Information Discovery

End User

Business Analyst Data Analyst

Data Exploration Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses Data Sources Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
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DBA

Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines

Database Technology

Statistics

Machine Learning
Pattern Recognition

Data Mining

Visualization

Algorithm

Other Disciplines

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Why Not Traditional Data Analysis?

Tremendous amount of data

Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of data Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions Data streams and sensor data Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data Software programs, scientific simulations

High-dimensionality of data

High complexity of data

New and sophisticated applications

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Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining

Data to be mined

Relational, data warehouse, transactional, stream, objectoriented/relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media, heterogeneous, legacy, WWW Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc. Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics, visualization, etc. Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining, stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.
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Knowledge to be mined

Techniques utilized

Applications adapted

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Data Mining: Classification Schemes

General functionality

Descriptive data mining

Predictive data mining Data view: Kinds of data to be mined Knowledge view: Kinds of knowledge to be discovered

Different views lead to different classifications

Method view: Kinds of techniques utilized

Application view: Kinds of applications adapted

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Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?

Database-oriented data sets and applications

Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database Data streams and sensor data Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences) Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data Object-relational databases Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases Spatial data and spatiotemporal data Multimedia database Text databases The World-Wide Web
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Advanced data sets and advanced applications

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Data Mining Functionalities

Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and discrimination

Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet regions Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?) Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction

Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality

Classification and prediction

E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars based on (gas mileage)

Predict some unknown or missing numerical values

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Data Mining Functionalities (2)

Cluster analysis Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes, e.g., cluster houses to find distribution patterns Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing interclass similarity Outlier analysis Outlier: Data object that does not comply with the general behavior of the data Noise or exception? Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis Trend and evolution analysis Trend and deviation: e.g., regression analysis Sequential pattern mining: e.g., digital camera large SD memory Periodicity analysis Similarity-based analysis Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses
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April 15, 2012

Top-10 Algorithm Finally Selected at ICDM06

#1: C4.5 (61 votes)

#2: K-Means (60 votes)

#3: SVM (58 votes) #4: Apriori (52 votes)

#5: EM (48 votes)

#6: PageRank (46 votes) #7: AdaBoost (45 votes) #7: kNN (45 votes) #7: Naive Bayes (45 votes) #10: CART (34 votes)
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Major Issues in Data Mining

Mining methodology

Mining different kinds of knowledge from diverse data types, e.g., bio, stream, Web Performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem Incorporation of background knowledge Handling noise and incomplete data

Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods

Integration of the discovered knowledge with existing one: knowledge fusion Data mining query languages and ad-hoc mining Expression and visualization of data mining results Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction Domain-specific data mining & invisible data mining Protection of data security, integrity, and privacy
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User interaction

Applications and social impacts

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Summary

Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with wide applications A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc. Data mining systems and architectures Major issues in data mining
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April 15, 2012