Dr. Y.S.
R Horticultural University
College of Horticulture
Anantharajupeta
ENTO-502-TERM PAPER PRESENTATION
TOPIC-EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS OF INSECTS
Course in-charge Presented by
[Link] [Link]
Assistant Professor AHM/24-22
Department of Entomology Department of Entomology
EXOCRINE AND
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
GLANDULAR SYSTEM
Glandular system is otherwise called as secretary system and is divided in to
two major groups based on the presence or absence of ducts.
INTRODUCTION
Exocrine and endocrine glands are glandular and secretory type.
Exocrine glands have ducts and endocrine glands are ductless.
EXOCRINE GLANDS
Gland release enzymes and are having duct.
Ectodermal in origin.
Secrete chemicals and released through ducts into the lumen of
various internal organs.
Their location is near to target site.
These are made up of either individual secretary cells (unicellular) or
small aggregate of secretary cell or a complex gland with common
duct with a wide variety of function.
SALIVARY GLANDS
It is the modified labial glands which secrete [Link] saliva may contain
various secretions, including digestive enzymes, such as amylase (to digest
starch) in the cockroach.
Open beneath hypopharynx.
Function –
Secrete silk (Silkworm)
Formation of puparial case ( Flies)
Excretion (Aphids)
Toxin production (Assassian bug)
Secretion of anti-microbial factors (Blow fly larva)
Fig. (A) Salivary glands of cockroach,
(B) grasshopper and (C) red cotton
bug.
Silk glands in Bombyx mori
MANDIBULAR GLANDS
It is sac like structure
Open near the base of mandibles
Function –
Secretes queen substance i.e,9-oxodecanoic acid (queen
honey bee) and produce larval food (young worker bee).
Produce alarm pheromone (older worker bee) called 2-
heptane which excite workers.
Produce amylase in preying mantids.
Produce alarm pheromones in social insects.
Secretes saliva in caterpillars when salivary glands are
modified into silk glands.
MAXILLARY GLANDS
Small glands open near the bases of maxillae.
Function:
Secretions are useful to lubricate mouth parts.
Killing the prey by producing toxins (carnivorous heteroptera).
Eg:Assasin bugs, Predatory Stink bugs.
PHARYNGEAL GLANDS
Occurs in hymenoptera and well developed in worker bees, vestigial in
queens, and are absent in males.
Secret bee milk or royal jelly in nurse bee.
Produce invertase enzyme.
FRONTAL GLANDS
Secrete sticky defensive fluid and alarm substances in nasute termites.
SETAL GLANDS
Glandular seta (Scoli) secretes irritant fluid in hairy/slug caterpillars.
TENANT HAIRS
Secrete sticky fluid found in pulvilli of legs of house flies, which
helps in ceiling walking.
Tenant hairs
STINK GLANDS (Repugnatorial glands)
Secrete toxic,bad smelling substances that cause escape from their
natural enemies.
Eg-Stink bugs ,Bed bugs
Scent gland
Assasin bugs emit volatile secretion from the dorsolateral abdominal
scent gland to warn their enemies.
Scent-gland opening of green stink
bug.
Arrow indicates extension of
scentgland opening more than
halfway to margin of thorax.
Osmeteria (Forked gland)
Eversible gland in the thorax of papillionid larva with defense function.
Eg- Citrus butterfly larva.
Papilio xuthus
Papilio demodocus Papilio demolious
PHEROMONE GLANDS
Found in abdominal terminalia of one sex and it’s Secretion are released
outside to attract opposite sex of the same species.
The sex pheromone produced by queen honey bee from mandibular
gland.
Many social insects lay trials to help other members of the colony in
finding food by trail pheromone.
The alarm pheromone is produced by aphids.
In stinging hymenoptera, exocrine glands produce alarm pheromone.
Secretion of glandular scales of male Pieris butterflies to attract the
opposite sex.
Sex Aggregation Alarm Trail
Pheromones Pheromones Pheromones Pheromones
Female Sex pheromones- Dendroctonus frontalis-Frontalin Aphids -Cornicles Termites-Sternal gland
Bombyx mori-Bombykol Ips confusus-Ipsenol Dysdergus sps-Abdominal Ants-Dufour’s
Trichoplusia ni-Looplure Periplanata americana-Periplanone terga gland,tibial glands
Spodoptera litura- Tribolium confusum -Dimethyl Termites-Cephalic glands
Spodolure decanol Worker bees -Sting glands
Helicoverpa armigera- Ants -
Helilure Anal,mandibular,Dufours
glands
Allomones Ants-Formic acid
Bees-Sting glands
Aphids-Reflex bleeding
Kairomones Phthorimoya operculella-Heptanoic acid
Synamones Termites and Protozoans
Apneumones Oat meal-Ichnuemonid-Venturia canescens
1) Sclerotized ovipositor valves; 2) Pheromone gland; 3) Sclerotized cuticle that was removed.
Types of pheromone glands
Nasonov gland – Nasonov gland found beneath the tergite of the last
abdominal segment of honey bee. Scent is used for orientation
particularly at nest entrance,in swarm clustering and water collection
site.
Kohevnikov gland – It is associated with queen’s sting and produces
attractant scents.
Dufour’s gland – The gland secretes trail pheromone in the worker
ants.
Venom(or)Sting glands
Glands with a defensive function in honey bee.
Large gland associated with the sting which holds the venom.
Modified accessory glands secreting venom in worker bees and wasps.
Unique structure of the venom delivery apparatus in honeybee makes it possible to deliver the venom even
after apparatus is being pulled out of the abdomen.
WAX GLANDS
Four pairs of wax glands are situated in the 4-7 abdominal segment of
14-17 days old worker bees producing bee wax.
Dermal glands producing wax in bees and mealy bugs.
Honey bee (A. mellifera) with wax scales projecting from the ventral side of
her metasoma (posterior body region).
Live aphids of Hormaphidinae with wax distributed in different patterns(A), Astegopteryx formosana (Takahashi), with
two marginal rows of wax on dorsum (B), a mixed population of Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel) and C. lataniae
(Boisduval), both with a fringe of wax (C); D, Hormaphidini: Hormaphis betulae (Mordvilko), with a fringe of wax; E,
Nipponaphidini: Neohormaphis wuyiensis Qiao & Jiang, with wax bars over the entire dorsum.
Milk glands
Modified accessory gland nourishing larva developing in uterus.
Eg –Glossina sps
Tsetse flies - Glossina spp
Fillipi’s gland (Lyonnet’s gland)
Secretes a viscous fluid or waxy materials that join the two silk filaments in
silkworm.
LAC GLANDS
Dermal glands secreting resinous substance
in lac insect.
ANDROCONIA (Scented scales)
Secretions of glandular scales of male pierid butterflies to attract the
opposite sex.
Papilio demoleus-Citrus butterfly
Danaus chrysippus-Tiger Butterfly
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Glands release hormones and are ductless.
Secrete chemicals i.e, hormones and release directly into the blood.
Located far away from the target site.
Chemically coordinate with the various parts of the body.
Position of endocrine glands
NEUROSECRETORY CELLS (NSC)
These are neurons in the central nervous system that secrete hormones.
A pair of median neuro-secretory cells and lateral neurosecretory cells
are present.
Two groups of NSC are located in the protocerebral lobes of brain.
It secretes brain hormone,Prothoracicotrophic hormone, gonadotropic
hormone, bursicon etc.
The axons of these neurosecretory cells form two pairs of nervi corpora
cardiaci ending in carpora cardiaca.
This structure influences the functioning of other endocrine glands.
Role of hormones during metamorphosis
Corpora cardiaca (CC)
Small paired bodies fused in middle and have both nervous tissues
and glandular tissues situated immediately behind the brain.
Absent in collembola.
It acts as a conventional storage and release organ for neurosecretory
cells.
It is also called neurohaemal organs since the hormone is released in
the haemolymph.
It controls heart beat and regulate trehalose level in haemolymph.
CARPORA ALLATA (CA)
They are paired glands lie immediately behind(attached to)the
Corpora cardiaca.
They are ectodermal in origin and glandular.
It secretes juvenile hormone there by inhibit metamorphosis.
The JH analogues interfere with insect development.
It is also required for egg maturation and functioning of male
accessory glands.
Precocene is an anti JH which induce precocious metamorphosis and
death in insects.
PROTHORACIC GLANDS (PTG)
These are paired glands and flattened organs lying close to the
prothoracic spiracles.
They are present in the ventrolateral part of prothorax of larva and is
degenerated in adults.
They are ectodermal and glandular
Present in larval organs being lost in the adult (Except worker and
soldier of termites).
It secretes the moulting hormone i.e, ecdysone.
Neurosecretory cells activate prothoracic glands to secrete ecdysone.
WEISMANN’S RING
In the maggots of cyclorrhaphous diptera
the corpora cardiaca,corpora allata,
prothoracic glands and hypocerebral
ganglion are all fused into a single
structure called the ring gland or
weismann’s ring.
It secretes puparium hardening hormone.
Puparium of Diptera
Ring gland of cyclorraphous Diptera from early pupa of the hover fly, Eristalis sp.
MOULTING GLANDS
Modified glandular epidermal cells, secrete moulting fluid necessary for
moulting.
It is also called verson’s gland in silkworm.
THANKYOU