CHAPTER 2

SUSTAINABILITY AND
RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Department of Electronics Engineering, Government Polytechnic Ambad, Credit : Students (EX-4K)

TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES
FOREST RESOURCES
WATER RESOURCES
MINERAL RESOURCES
FOOD RESOURCES
ENERGY RESOURCES
LAND RESOURCCES
 TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES

FOREST RESOURCES:
Forest Are One Of The Most Natural Resources On This Earth, It Is A Dense Growth Of Trees,
Together With Other Plants, Covering A Large Are Of Land.
WATER RESOURCES:
 Water Is An Indispensable Natural Resource On This Earth On Which All Life Depends. About 97% Of The
Earth’s Surface Is Covered By Water Most Of The Animals Plant Having 60-65 % Water In Their Body.
MINERAL RESOURCES
• Minerals Are Naturally Occurring, Inorganic, Crystalline Solids Having Definite Chemical Composition And
Characteristic Physical Properties.
FOOD RESOURCES
• There Are Thousands Of Edible Plants Animals Over The World Out Of Which Only About Three Dozen Types
Constitute Major Food Of Humans.
• The Main Food Resources Include Wheat, Rice Maize, Potato, Barley, Oats Etc. About Twenty Or So Common
Fruits And Vegetables, Milk, Meat, Fish And Seafood.
ENERGY RESOURCES
• Alternative Sources Of Energy/ Nonconventional-solar Energy- Wind Energy-hydropower. Non-renewable/
Conventional Energy Sources-coal. Petroleum, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy.
SOILD AND LAND RESOURCES
• Land Is A Finite And Valuable Resource Upon Which We Depend For Our Food, Fiber And Fuel Wood, The Basic
Amenities Of Life. Soil Is Also A Valuable Resource.
 CAUSE AND EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS
OF DEPLETION OF SOIL RESOURCES
DEPLETION OF SOIL RESOURCES:
• Depletion of soil resources is one of big problem human
civilization facing in almost all countries soil is the basic
stuff required to start food chain all plants are the first
producer which grow in soil.
• Soil erosion, soil compaction, low organic matter less of soil
structure, poor internal drainage, salination, and soil acidity
are various forms of soil degradation. Among these soil
erosion is a major one.
• Soli Erosion is naturally occurring process on all land.
the agents of soil erosion are water and wind each
contributing a significant amount of fertile soil loss each
year from agricultural fields at an alarming rate causing
serious loss of top soil.
• The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in
reduced crop production potential lower surface water
quality and damage networks.
CAUSES OF SOIL DEPLETION
 Deforestation at huge level. A dense vegetation cover
prevents loss of top soil form rain and wind.
 Overgrazing cause’s loss of top soil.
 Settlement of environmental pollutants on soil.
 Over use of irrigation and chemicals in agricultures has
deteriorated the quality of solid.

EFFECT OF SOLI DEPLETION

THE LOSS OF SOIL FROM FARM LAND REFLECTED IN
• Reduced Crops production potential.
• Lower surface water quality.
• Damaged Drainage networks.
SOLUTIONS TO CONTROL SOLI DEPLETION
It can controlled by
• Good Vegetation cover. Almost one third of the area must be
covered by vegetation so that effect of rain showers and high
speed winds on surface soil can be minimized
• Use of new irrigation practices like drip irrigation sprinkle
irrigation etc. save surface soil.
• Use sustainable agriculture techniques like use bio-fertilisers, bio-
pesticides etc . Prevent soil from overdose of chemicals and their
side effect.
• Educating farmers and others stake holders to take care of
valuable gift by using above techniques in appropriate way.
 CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF DEPLETION
WATER RESOURCES
DEPLETION OF WATER RESOURCES:
• Water is the most important resource to sustain the life but
unfortunately it is the most misused one. We require water for our all
domestic needs ranging from cooking, cleaning, bathing, drinking ,
gardening etc.
• We cannot sustain industrial growth without water. All industries
require water in one form or other. Water is used as solvent, cooling
agent, cleaning agent, in industries.
• Depleting water level in natural aquifers and pollution of underground
and surface water is a serious problem that we are facing Depletion of
water resources is a global problem.
CAUSES OF WATER DEPLETION
• Waste and by-products from industries are polluting not only surface
water but underground water as well.
• Disposal of municipal waste in rivers and nearby ponds also causes major
loss of pure water.
• Assimilation of agricultural waste, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. in surface
water disables use of water.
EFFECT OF WATER DEPLETION
• As water resources are depleted, the issue becomes more intensely
political and general public suffers. For example, fight between Delhi and
Haryana during each summer leaves people in Delhi living with water
supply cut.
• During summers and draught loss of live stock affects local economy.
• Agricultural productivity loss.
• According to survey by United Nations food and agriculture organization
(FAO) 1.2 billion people almost 20% population on the earth population of
earth are experiencing water scarcity.
SOLUTIONS TO PREVENT WATER DEPLETION
Water issue may be resolved or controlled by conservations ,
replenishment and by finding new source.
• Judicious use of water resources is must above all conservations
efforts.
• Rain water harvesting is gaining momentum now a days various
parts of country like Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana etc. and in Mumbai
housing societies are using the techniques to preserve rain water for
maintaining parks and general cleaning purpose.
• Significant conservation of water can be achieved through use of
more effective irrigation strategies such as drip techniques.
• New resources may include desalination of older ponds and well
through this option is very expensive and impractical for many
location.
 CAUSE AND EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS OF
DEPLETION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
DEPLETION OF MINERAL RESOURCES :
• Minerals gift of nature which is non renewable resource. Coal, iron, copper,
metals and non metals are various minerals. These are obtained by mining
and by metallurgical processes.
• Mining pollutes the environment, on a larger scale. The rate at which we are
digging these mineral, our future generation may face the extinction. It is
very dangerous.
• Value of these minerals increases because of the large demand, but the
supply is decreasing. This has resulted in more effort to drill and search
other territories. The environment is being abused and the depletion of
resources is one way to showing effects.
CAUSES OF MINERAL DEPLETION
• The large-scale exploitation of minerals began in the Industrial Revolution
around 1760 in England and has grown rapidly over ages. Today’s
economy is largely based on fossil fuels (coal, petrol and diesel), minerals
and Oil.
• Lots of building materials are obtained from mines. Demand of stone,
marbles, granite, limestone etc is ever increasing
• To support 8-9% of GDP growth, mining sector has to do well. It puts extra
effort on minerals.
EFFECT OF MINERAL DEPLETION
• Mining has resulted in more efforts to drill and search for other territories
enriched with minerals. Mining pollutes the environment, only on a larger
scale. Accidents related with landslides are common in coal mining areas.
• The environment is being abused and this depletion of resources show
multiplying effects. Situation become grim when local people are denied of
their share in development process.
• Onshore mining processes badly affects marine life.
 SOLUTIONS TO PREVENT MINERAL
DEPLETION

• Strong global and local legislation are required to reverse the

trends. Government need to show more strong political will to
preserve ours resources.
• Use of synthetic building material can reduce the load on natural
stones.
• Use new technologies at thermal power plants, ignition engines,
metallurgy , industries etc . So that big output can be obtained
from low inputs.
CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF DEPLETION OF FOREST
RESOURCES
DEPLETION OF FOREST RESOURCES :
• Deforestation is the clearing of natural forests by logging
or burning of trees and plants in a forest area.
• As a result of deforestation, presently about one half of
the forests that once covered the Earth have been
destroyed
CAUSES OF FOREST DEPLETION
• Clearing forests for agricultural reasons, as the population
of developing areas, especially near rainforests increasing
the need for land for farming also increases.
• Acquisition of land for development of industries and
urban development to meet the need of growing population
goes to newer number.
• During construction of big dams, sizeable forest land and
vegetation cover gets submerged.
EFFECT OF FOREST DEPLETION
• Because of deforestation is so extensive, it has made several significant
impact of the environment, including rise in % of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, change in the water cycle, an increase in soil erosion, and a
decrease in biodiversity.
 EFFECT OF FOREST DEPLETION
• Because of deforestation is so extensive, it has made several
significant impact of the environment, including rise in % of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, change in the water cycle, an increase in
soil erosion, and a decrease in biodiversity.
• Deforestation is often relegated as big cause of global warming . The
reduction of forests contributing about 12 %^ of anthropogenic carbon
dioxide emission.
• Deforestation also causes soil erosion . The removal of trees causes
higher rates of erosion. Increasing risks of land slides which is direct
threat tom many people living clos etc. deforested areas.
• Deforestation causes decrease in biodiversity. Its estimated that 80%
of the worlds known biodiversity lives in rain forest and the
destruction of these rainforest is accelerating extinction alarming rate.
 CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF DEPLETION OF ENERGY
RESOURCES
DEPLETION OF ENERGY RESOURCES :
Non-renewable : Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy.
Renewable : Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass energy.
Importance :
Power Industry : Energy is needed for industrial processes, transportation,
and residential use.
Economic Growth : Access to energy is a key driver of economic development
Global Connectivity : Energy fuels communication system technology, and
global trade
CAUSES OF ENERGY DEPLETION
• Over-reliance of Fossil Fuels : Continued use of coal, oil, and natural gas
for energy production.
• Inefficient Energy Use : High consumption rates in industrialized nations
lead to rapid depletion of resources.
• Over-Extraction of Renewable Resources : Overuse of biofuels and large-
scale hydropower can deplete resources or disrupt ecosystems.
• Climate Change : The use of fossil fuels contributes to global warming,
which is turn threatens renewable energy sources
EFFECT OF ENERGY DEPLETION
• Energy Crisis : Reduced availability of energy resources can lead to
shortage, higher costs, and geopolitical tensions.
• Economic Decline : Energy shortage disrupt industries, transportation, and
daily life.
• Environmental Damage: Overuse of non renewable energy sources
accelerates environmental degradation
• Climant change: burning of fossil fuel is a primary driver of climate change.
 CONCEPT OF PANCHMAHABHUTA (IKS)
The concept of Panchmahabhuta (The Five Great Elements) is a central
idea in the Indian Knowledge System (IKS). The Panchmahabhuta theory
asserts that all matter in the universe including the human body and the
environment, is composed of five fundamental elements, each of which
has its own unique qualities and characteristics. These five elements are

[Link] (EARTH)
[Link] (WATER)
[Link](FIRE
[Link](AIR)
[Link](SPACE)
 PRITHVI (EARTH)
• Prithvi represents the elements of solid matter, symbolizing stability,
structure, and strength. It is the foundation of all physical forms and
provides a sense of permanence and groundedness.
• Its qualities include heaviness, firmness, stability, ad roughness. These
characteristics make it the most dense of the five elements, providing form
and structure to the material world.
Role in Universe:
• Earth is the primary element for physical existence. It is responsible for the
formation of bodies in the physical world, including the human body, which
is considered a microcosm of the Earth element.
In the Human Body:
• The earth elements manifests as bones, teeth, muscles, and tissues,
providing support and structure. It governs physical endurance,
groundedness, and stability.
 JAL (WATER)
Nature and Characteristics :
• Jal represents the element of liquid and fluidity, associated with
nourishment, growth, and purification. It embodies adaptability,
movement, and purity.
• Its qualities include coolness, moisture, fluidity, and softnes, making it
the element that governs the emotional and nurturing aspects of life.
Role in the universe :
• Water is the medium through which life exists and thrives. It is essential
for growth, as it nourishes plants, animals, and humans.
In human body :
• Water governs the circulatory system, body fluids (blood, lymph, sweat),
digestion, and hydration. It is closely linked to emotions, as it is said to
carry the flow of thoughts and feeling within the body.
 AGNI (FIRE)
Nature and Characteristics :
• Agni is the element of energy, heat, and transformation. It governs
change, action, and manifestation. Fire symbolies both creative power
and destructive potential.
• Its qualities include hotness, sharpness, intensity, and brightness, and it
is the most dynamic and active of all the elements.
Role in Universe :
• Fire represents the transformative force in nature facilitating processes
like digestion (in the body), weather patterns, and metabolic activity.
In the Human Body :
• Agni governs the digestive system, internal heat, and metabolism. It is
responsible for converting food into energy and transforming thoughts
into action . It also regulates the mental state, as it is said to enhance
intellect and courage.
 VAYU (AIR)
Nature and Characteristics :
• Vayu represents the element of movement, breath, and life force (prana). It is
associated with flexibility, expansion, and freedom. Air symbolizes the
essential motion in all processes.
• Its qualities include lightness, subtlety, expansion, and mobility, and it plays a
key role in enabling movement, both physical and mental.
Role in the Universe :
• Air is responsible for the circulation of gases, including oxygen, and plays a
vital role in maintaining life on Earth. It also governs the wind and climate.
In the Human Body :
• Air governs breathing, nervous system, and blood cirulatio. It controls
thoughts, mental clarity, and communication A balanced vayu allows for
mental agility and clarity of thought.
 AKASHA
Nature and Characteristics :
(ETHER/SPACE)
• Akasha represents the element of space or ether, often refered to as the subtile
elements that pervades all things. It is considered the medium through which all
other elements exist interact.
• Its qualities include subtlety, expansiveness, permeability, and non-materiality.
Akasha is also the most ethereal and invisible of the elements, yet it is
fundamental to the universe.
Role in the Universe :
• Akasha is the spatial domain in which all other elements exist. It represents
infinity, communication, and the cosmic container that allows for the functioning
of all physical and non-physical processes.
In the Human body :
• Akasha governs the mental an spiritual planes, representing the mind,
consciousness, and communication. It is said to hold sound and vibration, which
are fundamentals to the universe’s rhythm and harmony.
 IMPACT OF OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ON THE ENVIRONMENT, POTIMUM USE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
The Natural resources have been over used or over exploited due to increased
population across globe and there by increased population across globe and
there by increased need of land. This is largely met by deforestation, Many
forest lands are used for mining, agriculture, grazing, and recreation and for
development dams.
 OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS
• Since ages, human have depended heavily on forests for food, medicine,
shelter, wood and fuel
• With growing civilization the demands for raw material like timber, pulp,
minerals, fuel wood etc. shooted up resulting in large scale logging, mining,
road-building and clearing of forests.
• Our forests contribute substantially to the national economy. The
international timber trade alone is worth over US $40 billion per year.
• Excessive use of fuel wood and charcoal, expansion of urban, agricultural
and industrial areas and overgrazing have together led to over exploitation
of our forests leading to their rapid degradation.
 OVER USE OF WATER RESOURCES
• Water is an indispensable natural resource on this earth on which al life depends.
About 97% of the earth’s surface is covered by water and most of the animals and
plants have 60-65% water in their body. Global distribution of water resources is
quite uneven depending upon several geographic factors.
• Tropic rain forest areas receive maximum rainfall while the major world desert occur
in zones of dry, descending air (20-40 N and S) and receive very little rainfall.
Water use by humans is of two types
• Water withdrawal : Taking water from groundwater or surface water resource.
• Water consumption : The water which is taken up but not returned for reuse
Overuse of ground water.
MINERAL RESOURCES – OVER USE
The minerals are extracted from earth’s crust. The rate of
accumulation of minerals is very slow, but rate at which the surface
area of earth is utilized for human activity, there is drastic reduction is
mineral resource. Also environmental impact on mineral causes
shortage.

LAND RESOURCES – OVER USE :

Because of increasing of population growth the demands for arable land
for producing food and fuel wood is also increasing. Hence there is
more and more pressure on the limited land resources which are getting
degraded due to over exploitation.
OPTIMUM USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Optimum use of natural resources involves utilizing them
efficiently and sustainably to meet current needs without
compromising the ability of future generation to meet
theirs, Below are strategies and examples for achieving
this :
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
• Renewable Energy Transition:
Replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy reduces
depletion.
Examples : India’s solar energy initiatives like the Bhadla Solar park.
• Sustainable Agriculture
Techniques like crop rotation, organic farming, and precision agriculture.
Examples : Sikkim, India, has transitioned to 100% organic farming.
• Water conservation
Efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting.
Example : Israel’s water management techniques optimize limited resources.
• Forest Conservation
Afforestation and sustainable logging practices.
Example : Community-driven forest Management in Meghalaya, India.
 TECHNOLOGICAL INOVATIONS
Recycling and Reuse
• Recycling materials like paper, plastic, and metals reduces raw material extraction.
• Example : Sweden’s waste recycling program processes over 99% of its waste.
Energy Efficiently
• Using energy-efficient appliances and industrial equipment minimizes energy consumption.
Waste-to-Energy
• Converting waste into usable energy reduces dependency on raw resources.
• Example : Waste-to-energy plants in Denmark.
Policy and Regulation
• Government play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable practices.
• Environmental Laws : Regulations on mining, deforestation, and emissions.
• Incentives : Tax benefits for industries adopting green technologies
Community Participation
• Educating communities on resource conservation fosters grassroots efforts.
• Examples : Chipko Movement in India, Where villagers protected forests through peaceful protest.
 ENERGY FORMS (RENEWABLE AND NON- RENEWABLE) SUCH AS
THERMAL ENERGY, NUCLEARE ENERGY, SOLAR ENERGY, WIND
ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, HYDROPOWER
ENERGY, BIOFUEL

Classification Energy Sources:

• Primary energy sources Conventional (Non-renewable)
sources e.g. Fossil fuels - coal, coke, nuclear fuels Non
conventional (renewable) sources e.g. solar energy, wind
energy etc.
• Secondary energy sources e.g. petrol or gasoline, hydrogen.
 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
RENEWABLE ERNGY NON – RENEWABLE ENERGY
 THESE ARE NON- RENEWABLE ENERGY  THIESE ARE RENEWABLE SOURCES OF
SOURCES OF ENERGY. ENERGY

 THESE ARE CATEGORIES AS PRIMARY AND  THESE ARE NOT CATEGORISED FURTHER AS
SECONDARY PRIMARY OR SECONDARY

 THESE ARE MAINLY OF PHYSICAL STATES  THESE ARE NOT IN ANY PARTICULAR
SOLID LIQUID GASES. PHYSIICAL STATE

 THEY PRODUCE ENERGY ONLY ON  THEY PRODUCE ENERGY WITHOUT

COMBUSTION I.E. IS PRESENCE OF O2 REQUIREMENT OF O2 IN PARTICULAR.
(exception-number fuels )

 THESE CAUSE POLLUTIONS.  THESE DO NOT CAUSE POLLUTION

 THEASE ARE EASY TO STORE  THESE ARE NOT EASY TO STORE

 SOLAR ENERGY
• The electromagnetic radiations from sun are known by common term "Solar
Energy".
• These radiations are resulted from the thermonuclear fusion reactions which
take place in the sun.
• Sunrays fall on the surface of earth. All the radiations from sun are not in same
wavelength range. Almost 92% lie in the range of 315 nm to1400 nm.
• The surface of earth absorbs almost 45% of these which lie in the (visible
region) wavelength range e. 400 nm to 700 nm. Whereas radiation in IR region
get emitted back to space.
• The estimated amount of solar flux reaching the upper atmosphere of earth is
approximately 1400 watts/m2/mn and that of heat equivalent is 2.68 x 1024
Joules/year.
• The eco system on the surface of earth utilizes about 0.2 to 0.5 % of the total
amount of solar energy received.
• Thus, very small fraction of solar energy is actually used for life on earth,
especially the ecosystem. large amount of solar energy gets wasted, which
otherwise can be of immense use for satisfying energy needs of humans.
SOLAR ENERGY FOR PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
• Electricity can be produced using solar energy. The following
two techniques are commonly used to generate electricity
using solar energy.
(1) Solar thermal collector
(2) Photovoltaic cells
• Solar Thermal Collector It is device designed to absorb heat
from sunlight hence the term "thermal collector" is used.
• There are different types of thermal collectors.
(a) Solar parabolic trough.
(b) Solar power tower.
(c) Flat plate collector - for water heating.
(d) Box type-domestic common solar cooker.
(e) Power tower-in power generating plants.
(f) Solar pyramids.
Advantages of Solar Thermal Collectors:
a)Very high temperatures can be reached if sunlight's sufficient.
b) Electricity can be generated even by conventional methods like steam turbine
etc.
c) The modification in design of collectors can help to generate more electricity
most economically which would prove cheaper than using even solar cells.
d) Large structures like building can be provided with electricity by redirecting
the concentrated light via optical fiber cable.

Disadvantages of Solar Thermal Collectors:

a) More open area/land is required to have perfect concentrating systems
because the focus of sunlight at collector can be maintained by dual axis sun
tracking.
b) Diffused sunlight does not give power, where in solar cells prove to be better.
 PRINCIPLE OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR

• The basic principle for this device is "perfect black body in which
heat absorbing capacity and tendency of a black surface is
exploited to achieve benefits for humans.
• "Perfect black body" can be defined as, "the surface which can
absorb all the radiations incident on it, without reflecting or
transmitting a portion of it".
• The coefficient of absorption for perfect black body is unity.
• The coefficient of reflection and transmission for PBB is zero.
FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR CONSTRUCTION AND
WORKING
• It consists of black surface to absorb all radiant heat form
sunlight.
• The black surface is covered by plastic or glass serving as
insulator, preventing the escape of heat. Thus it increases
efficiency of device.
• There are tubes embedded in the black surface, carrying
water, which get heated due to the heat absorbed.
• The air passing through the area between black surface
and plastic/glass cover also gets heated, which is utilized
in raising the temperature of surrounding, creating
warmth and comfort in winter/cold countries.
• Thus at almost negligible cost, the hot water can be made
available and also space warming is fulfilled.
• These devices are now very common in colder countries,
which have solved the problem of environmental pollution
and also of the expenditure on any other energy source.
Applications
• The flat plate solar collectors are highly useful for low
temperature heating.
• Such solar heating system, beyond the collector can be of two
types.
(i) Active system
(ii) Passive system
i) Active system: Active system involves use of pumps or blows
to circulate the heated air/water through the location near/far
from the collector. Thus the solar energy is been used on wider
area economically though initial installation cost of such
circulation system, is comparatively high.
ii) Passive system: Passive system involves the fulfillment of
need in the place of collector, e.g. in a building or society etc.
Thus passive system are cheaper and maintenance free.
 Recent developments
• As awareness for use of solar energy is increasing day by
day, the architecture of newly constructed buildings is
modified.
• During construction, the building is made to act as a
collector of solar energy, through more number of large
windows thereby absorbing more radiant heat during day
time.
• During night in winter/colder countries, the drapes
(curtains) help retain the warmth inside the building.
• Similarly in summer drapes help to prevent the absorption
of heat during day making human comfortable.
DRAWBACK OF SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM
The only drawback of the system is that storage of energy is not being
done and initial cost for installation of such system is large.

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

The solar energy proves to be a reliable source for clean energy which is :
1)Non- polluting
2)No Hazardous waste generation.
3)Inexhaustible and infinitely renewable.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (SOLAR CELLS)
Principle of photovoltaic Cells
• These are based on principle of semiconductor physics/photovoltaic effect.
• The devices are designed for use to convert the available sunlight into electrical
energy.
• This type of conversion does not involve any chemical reactions or moving parts in
the device.

 Primarily Development of the concept came into light, way back in 1839.
 French physicist A.C. Bacquerrd, while working with electrodes in
electrolytic medium, observed development of voltage when electrode faced
light. This effect was named as photovoltaic effect.
 The first typical solar cells was constructed by Charleds Fritts in 1877
almost 50 year later. In his work he used concept of semiconductors silicon
coated by almost transparent film of gold. This device could not work with
efficiency, as it could convert almost 1% of sunlight into electrical energy.
Following few years the solar cells faced many modification such as .
• Year 1927 : Semiconductor junction with copper-copperoxide was
developed
• Year 1930 : Selenium Cells and copper oxide cell were used in light
sensitive device (Efficiency < 1%).
• Year 1941 : Russel ohl developed solar cell using silicon
(Semiconductor).
• Year 1954 : American reasearchers group G.L. Person et. [Link]
silicon solar cell (Efficiency > 6%) which was used
under direct sunlight.
• Year Late 1980s : Silicon cells to Ga-As cells in use. (Efficiency = 20%)
• Year 1989 : Concentrator solar cells” concept developed (Efficiency =
37%)
• At the moment, now varieties of solar cells are available and are in use.
 STRUCTURE OR CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN SOLAR CELLS
• This cells basically consists of P. N. Junction photodiodes, which have
very large light sensitive area.
• There are three layers called as “Energy convention layers” where
“photovoltaic effect” occurs which converts sunlight into electrical
energy.
a)Top junction layer ( Made of N-type semiconductor )
b)Middle absorber layer (core of the device) i.e. P-N junction where energy
is absorbed.
c)Back junction layer (Made of p-type semiconductor).
d)Thus such photodiodes (PD) are P-N junctions designed specifically to
possess optimum photosensitivity which are used in photovoltaic cells
(PV Cells).
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT – EXPLANATION
• Sunlight is composed of tiny energy packets known as “photons”
• When sunlight fells on solar cells, the photons with high frequency get
readily absorbed.
• The light energy present with photon is transferred to the semiconductor
(e.g. Silicon atom) particularly to electron in the atom.
• If electron receives sufficient energy, it escapes from its normal position,
causing a hole (i.e. an empty dot/spot where electron would be ).
• This phenomenon proceeds causing one hole with one photon, as it can
strike only one electron.
• Since both electron/hole are mobile, they are capable to carry current,
which is nothing but “photo voltaic effect”.
 WORKING OF PV CELLS / SOLAR CELLS
• The three layers present in PV cell work simultaneously for absorption of
sunlight, photovoltaic effect to occur, and conversion of heat into electrical
energy as explained below.
• The unique characteristics of semiconductor to act as good conductors when
supplied with light or heat and otherwise act as insulators at low temperature is
been used effectively in solar cells.
• The top junction layer in N-type made up using electron deficit material and lower
or back junction layer is P-type
• The electropositive metals possessing only one valence
electron are used to form lower layer because they can
lose electron easily leaving behind hole.
• When sun light falls on the absorbing surface, the photons
are absorbed and electrons from lower layer are replaced
(freed) to form hole.
• The free electrons move towards upper (top) layer where
it can be accepted because of electron deficit material.
• This process continues involving flow of electrons to holes
in the PV cells creating a potential difference, at the P-N
junction. Hence, current is generated at junction.
• The electric field is thus created at junction.
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFICIENTY OF PV CELLS
• Thus for high efficiency of PV cells, the P type semiconductor layer
should be of such material which has high conductance so that
maximum photons are absorbed, which frees that many number of
electrons.
• Other important precaution required is not to allow free electrons escape
the cell. This is achieved by designing PV cell in such a way that the
surface where the electrons are to be freed is as close as possible to
junction.
• These precaution maximize efficiency of PV cells.
• E.g. silicon cells, Cadmium sulphide-copper sulphide, Ga-As, indium
phosphide are few other type of solar cells.
 ADVANTAGES OF PV CELLS
• Clean technology
• Can be used nearly for 20 years as there is not movement in cell. Hence no
wear.
• Maintenance Minimal
• Environment pollution issues do not arise.
• Can be used for domestic purposes, in industries automobiles etc.

Limitations of PV Cells
• Initial cost is high
• More number of cells in battery are required for higher supply
• Use is mainly in instrument which require low energy e.g. calculators etc.
• In automobiles, engine efficiently decreases due to high weight of
batteries.
• Modification/Further development in battery technology is in progress.
 WIND POWER
• Wind can be defined as the air in high speed motion
• The motion of air varies every moment because of uneven heating of
surface of earth, by sun rays.
• The air above land gets heated faster during the day as compared to the
air over water e.g. ocean, never water surfaces.
• The hot air rises upward due to expansion and it place is taken by cool air,
which we call as wind.
• During night, exactly reverse process is observed due to faster cooling of
hot air on earth surface as compared to that on water surfaces.
• The energy associated with wind is used to generate electricity.
• Wind energy is also renewable because it would be continuously available
till sunlight is available.
WIND TURBINES / MACHINES
The machines used to convert kinetic energy of wind into
mechanical and then after electrical energy are called as
wind machines e.g. wind mill, wind turbine etc.
The wind turbines are consisting of air foil shaped blades.
The blades rotate at high speed when wind blows.
These blades are connected to a drive shaft which turns on
electric generator to produce electricity.
.Wind turbines are used which are of two types, based on
direction of the rotating shaft.
1) Horizontal axis turbines
2) Vertical axis turbines
 HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINES/ MACHINES
• As shown in figure such machine has three blades
similar to the propellers of airplanes.
• Different size machines are available.
• The choice of size depends upon the area for which
the electricity is generated.
• Larger areas or townships also can be provided
with electricity by grouping together many wind
turbines. Such groups are called find turbine farms.
• Taller the wind turbine, more wind can be capture.
Hence if it is to be in open areas, the machines can
be as tall as height of 20 story buildings with
blades spreaded across almost 200 feet distance.
 VERTICAL AXIS TURBINES/ MACHINES
• These are not used commonly as compared to horizontal machines.
• They are similar to horizontal machines except in the direction of blades
which are going vertically down.
• A typical machines generally is 100 feet tall and 50 feet wide.

Advantages of Wind Energy

• Wind is ever available free.
• By ways of wind farms, it is possible to satisfy the need of electrical energy for
large cities.

Disadvantages of Wind Energy

• Installation requires open land. Thus coast is high especially in developing countries.
• Wind is produced due to heating done by sun hence it is indirect use of sola energy.
Therefore solar energy as well can be used directly.
• Totally dependent on speed of wind and plant needs to be equipped to sustain storm
like condition.
 HYDRO POWER/ HYDEL ENERGY
• The word indicates clearly that it is energy generated from water [Hydro =
Water Power= Energy]
• Water stored in reservoir through dams, is made to flow on
turbines/paddle wheels, to generate mechanical energy which is then
converted into electrical energy.
• Hydropower is renewable energy source and non-polluting, clean energy.

Hydropower Plant
• It is also known as hydroelectric power plant, used to obtain mechanical and electrical
energy from stored water, by making it flow with force/ pressure over turbine wheels.
• The plant is simple and can be operated practically any where, if source of water is
available.
 PRINCIPLE OF HYDROPOWER
• The “potential energy of stored water is converted into mechanical
energy using hydraulic turbines, which is then used to run the
electrical generator converting it into electrical energy”, is the basic
principle if Hydro electric power plant.
• HYDRO POWER GENERATION FROM WATER RESERVOIR OF DAM/ BY
HDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
• As shown in figure The hydroelectric power plant essentially consists of
following

• parts/components.
Water reservoir
Penstock
Surge Tanks
Turbine Wheels
Power House
WATER RESERVOIR
• The water is stored at higher level. The reservoirs are of various sizes depending upon the
requirement.
• If water reservoir is the stored natural water i.e. river, pond or lake, then it is supported with dam,
which is used to release water flow as required.
PENSTOCK
• The large diameter PVC pips used for carrying water from reservoir to the turbine wheels are named as
‘penstocks’.
• In large size power plants, all penstocks are supported by concrete structures called as “Anchor
blocks”. This is essential because when water is released from reservoir through dam, it flows with
high pressure and velocity, which may damage the penstock.
SURGE TANKS
• To handle such situation, an additional small tank is also connected to penstock which stores exces
water, it released due to natural force. Thus the penstocks are protected such additional tank is called
as ‘ surge tanks’
TURBINE WHEELS
• These are metal wheels situated in power house and are rotating at high speed. The shaft of wheel is
coupled with an electrical generator.
POWER HOUSE
• It is a building where the energy transformation occurs. The operation of plant is controlled from the
Advantages of Hydro-Electric Power Plant
• Electrical energy is generated at very low cost.
• No Fuel is required.
• Operating cost is low.
• Maintenance cost is low.
• The time required to generate power is small.
• The plants do not produce green house gases, thus no air and water
pollution.

Disadvantages of Hydro-electric Power Plant

• Installation cost is high.
• Plants can be set up only where plenty of rainfall occurs.
• Long length transmission lies are required for distribution of power. Hence
it adds to cost and also maintenance.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Introduction of Geothermal Energy
• The interior of the earth is still very hot and the rock in the interior
is in molten state when the water percolates and comes in contact
with the hot interior rocks, the sulphur gets dissolved in the water
and along with the hot water comes up in a form of hot springs.
• This heat can be used to generate energy which is called as
geothermal energy. For example. At Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh.
The hot springs are being usual to generate this type of energy.
• The use of the geothermal energy depends up on the temperature
of the hot spring water if it is higher 90 degree Celcius, it is used
either for house heating or for house cooling.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
• The geothermal energy is another non-conventional energy
resource having some advantages, and some limitations.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• It is the Earth’s heat which escapes as steam at the location of
a hot springs e.g. In the United States, most geothermal
reservoirs of hot water are located in the western states,
Alaska, and Hawaii. Wells can be drilled into underground
reservoirs for the generation of electricity.
• In short, Geothermal energy is defined as, “ the heat from the
Earth”.
 MAGMA

• These are molten rocks few miles under the earth.

• The melting of rocks occurs due to high temperatures because of hot
rock/water.
• Magmas act as store houses of geothermal energy.
• The heat above the surface of earth is absorbed and hence almost
everywhere, the shallow ground or upper layer of about 10 feet of the
Earth’s surface maintains a nearly constant temperature between 10-16
degree celcieus
 ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• It is an inexhaustible energy resource.
• It is very cheap. It’s clean and sustainable.
• It is a more regular energy production than other non-
conventional resources like wind solar energy.
• It is a good for hilly, remote areas, where is not other
energy is available.
 LIMITATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• These hot springs are generally away from the areas having potential of
industrial development.
• The steam energy is to be used insitu i.e. it cannot be carried out for a long
distance as there will be loss of the energy and it will increase the cost of
production also.
• The sulphus, which comes out together with the hot water and other gases,
pollute the soil the nearby areas and it can make air pollution also.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY/ POWER
GENERATION BY STEAM POWER PLANT :
The Geothermal Energy is generated by using thermal power plants
Thermal Power Plants :
In a thermal power plant, steam is produced and used to spin a turbine that
operates a generation.
A conventional thermal power plants uses coal, oil or natural gas as fuel to
boil water to produce the steam.
There are three major types of thermal power plants and they are the
following
A. Steam turbine power plants.
B. Gas Turbine power plants.
C. Diesel engine
 STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT
• In steam power turbine plant, a fuel is burned inside a boiler to heat water
and generate steam.
• This steam is then used to drive turbines which in turn drive the power
generators to make electricity.
• This steam is suitable for the use of thermal energy oif relative low
temperature (below 600 degree celcius).
• The steam coming out of the turbine is condensed to water and is
recycled.
• In order to improve the efficiency of the steam power plants, some
additional function parts such as
Super heater
Economizer etc, is also included in the plant
STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT
 CONSTRUCTION/COMPONENTS.
Coal and Ash System : In this system, the coal from the coal storage is fed to
the boiler through coal handing equipment for the generation of steam.
Ash so produced due to ash storage through ash-handling system.
Air and Gas System : Air is supplied to the combustion chamber of the boiler
through a draught fan.
Boiler House : Boilers burn the fuel transferred from the tank and use the fuel
transferred from the tank and use the resulting heat to convert water into
steam.
Super Heater : Super heater is a heat exchanger that increase the steam
pressure and also eliminates moisture in the steam by using the high
temperature flue gases from the boiler.
Economizer : The water from the condenser is assed to the economizer which
heats up the water and sends it to the boiler
Air Pre-heater : Air pre-heater acts as heat exchanger. It uses heat
from flue gases and heats up the air coming from thhe air intake
system. Then this heated air is send to boiler. This ensures proper
combustion and it helps to improve the overall efficiency of the
power plant.
Cooling System : The steam coming out of the turbine is
condensed to water using the condenser and cooling tower
arrangement.
Turbine Alternator : The turbines convert the heat energy into
mechanical energy. Alternator convert this mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
 WORKING
• The exhaust gases carrying sufficient quantity of heat and ash are
passed thought he air heater and then passed into the boiler.
• Coal and air in correct proportion is sent to the boiler house for
combustion to take place.
• Water is supplied to the boiler through the boiler feed pump. This water is
converted to steam in the boiler house.
• The flue gases coming out of the boiler is of the order of 1000 degree
Celsius. This hot gas is passed through different stages like
• Super heater
• Economizer
• Air pre-heater and
• At last, it is released out through the chimney.
 BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass energy is energy made from things that come from plants
and animals, like wood, crops, or even animal waste. People can burn
these materials to create heat or electricity, or turn them into fuels.
Introduction : Biomass refers to the organic material that is used for
the production of energy referred to as Bioenergy. It primarily consists
of living or recently living plants and biological waste derived from
industrial and domestic activities. Biomass is an abundant and
renewable resource that can be converted into various forms of
energy.
What is Biomass Energy ?
Definition – Biomass energy is a form of renewable and sustainable
energy derived from organic materials. These materials can include
plant-based resources (such as wood, agricultural residues, and
algae) as well as animal waste and other biological byproducts.
Bioenergy – The energy obtained from biological sources is known
as bioenergy. It can be used directly by burning it to produce heat
or converted into biofuels like biodiesel and ethanol.
Biomass comes from plant biomass and animal biomass, which can
be turned into energy for everyday use.
Technologies for converting biomass into energy :
• Thermochemical Platform
• Biochemical platform
• Chemical platform
Bioenergy production Routes : The main bioenergy production
routs.
 THERMOCHEMICAL PLATFORM
Combustion Prolysis Gasification
• These process do not necessarily produce useful energy directly, but under
controlled temperature and oxygen condition are used to convert the original
biomass feedstock into more convenient forms of energy carriers, such as
producer gas, oil or methanol.

COMBUSTION : Combustion is the process of burning material like wood,

manure, agricult5ural waste, and other organic matter with oxygen to produce
heat. This heat can be used to boil water, creating steam. The steam moves a
turbine, which is connected to a generator. As the turbine spins, it turns the
generator, which produces electricity. Essentially, combustion turns organic
materials into heat, which is then converted into electrical energy.
PYROLYSIS :
This is a method where organic materials are heated without oxygen. Instead
of burning, the material decomposes into three forms : solid (like charcoal),
liquid (called bio-oil), and gas (known as syngas). These outputs can be
used as energy sources or in other applications. Pyrolysis is an effective
way to transform biomass into useable energy with minimal emissions.

Gasification :
• Gasification turns organic materials into a gas called syngas, made of
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. This happens by heating
the materials with little oxygen or stream, without burning them. Syngas
can be used as fuel for heating, electricity, and other purposes, and it’s
renewable if made from biomass.
• Other processes used to convert biomass into energy is the Biochemical
platform. It contains the following process.
Biochemical Processes :
Anaerobic Digestion (Bio-Digestion).
Fermentation

Bio-Digestion : This process is also known as anaerobic digestion

where bacteria break down organic material in the absence of air to
produce biogas. The biogas is then captured and combusted to
generate energy.
Biogas is produced by degradation of biological matter is absence of
oxygen.

Fermentation : Fermentation is the process of converting sugar from

organic material into alcohol, commonly known as ethanol, with the
help of yeast. The ethanol derived can be used as a source of fuel to
 CHEMICAL PLATFORM
Trans esterification in Biomass Energy :
Trans esterification is a chemical process used to turn oil and fats from plants
and animals into biodiesel, which is a type of renewable fuel. During this
process, oils or fats are mixed with alcohol (usually methanol or ethanol) and a
catalyst (such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide ). This reaction
breaks down the oils or fats into biodiesel (known as esters ) and glycerol. It’s an
essential method for creating biodiesel from biomass making it sustainable and
eco-friendly energy source .
 MATERIAL USED TO MAKEUP BIOMASS FUEL ARE
• Animal manure and human sewage
• Agricultural crops and waste materials
• Food and wood waste in garbage
• Forest Residues and wood processing waters
• Burning biomass releases carbon emission, around a quarter higher than burning coal,
but has been classed as a “ renewable ” energy source of fuel because.
• Plants can be regrown
• We will always have forest Residues, wood processing wastes, Agricultural
crops and waste materials.
• Easily available animal manure and human sewage along with the food
waste in garbage can be used in a fruitful manner. Burning Biomass is this
only one way to release it energy.
 BIOGAS IS PRODUCED BY DEGRADATION OF
BIOLOGICAL MATTER IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN.
Reaction Examples :
Hydrolysis : In this step, large organic molecules (e.g.
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) are broken down into smaller,
soluble molecules like simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
This makes them accessible for further bacterial action.
Reaction Example : C6H10O5+H2O
Acidogenesis
The products of hydrolysis are converted into volatile fatty acids
(e.g. acetic acid), alcohos, hydrogen (H2 ) ammonia (NH3) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) by fermentative bacteria.
 METHANOGENESIS
In this final stage, methanogenic bacterial convert into
intermediates, particularly acetic acid, hydrogen, and
carbon dioxide, into methane CH4 + and water. This is the
critical step for biogas production
Reaction Example :
 BIOFUELS
What are Biofuels ?
Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from an organic matter
(living or once living material) in a short period of time (days,
weeks, or even months) is considered a biofuel.
• Biofuel may be solid, liquid or gaseous in nature.
• Solid : Wood, dried plat material, and manure
• Liquid : Bioethanol and Biodiesel
• Gaseous : Biogas
FIRST GENERATION OF
BIOFUELS :
These are made from food sources such as corn, sugarcane,
starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional
technology.
Examples :
Ethanol : Produced from fermenting sugars in crops like
sugarcane and corn.
Biodiesel : Made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled
cooking oil through transesterification.
Limitations : Competes with food supply and may lead to
higher food prices.
 SECOND GENERATION OF BIOFUELS
These are produced from non-food crops or portions of food
crops that are notediable and considered as wasters, e.g.
steams, husks, wood chips, and fruit skinsand peeling.
Thermochemical reactions or biochemical conversion process is
used for producing such fuels.
Example include cellulose ethanol, biodiesel.
Though these fuels do not affect food economy, their production
is quite complicated
Also, it is reported that these biofuels emit less greenhouse
gases when compared to first generation biofuels
 THIRD GENERATION OF BIOFUELS :
These are produced from micro-organism like algae, which
can produce oil efficiently without competing with
agriculture.
Example – Butanol, Algae-based biodiesel and bioethanol.
Micro-organisms like algae can be grown using land and
water unsuitable for food production, there fore reducing
the strain on already depleted water sources.
On disadvantage is that fertilizers used in the production
of such crops lead to environment pollution.
FORTH GENERATION BIOFUELS :

as carbon negative as their production pulls out carbon from

environment. In the production of these fuels, crops that are
genetically engineered to take in high amounts of carbon are grown
and harvested as biomass. The crops are then converted into fuel
using second generation technics
The Fuel is pre-combusted and the carbon is capturd. Then the
carbon is geosequestered, meaning that the carbon is stored in
depleted oil or gas fields.
Some of these fuels are considered
 1) Fermentation
HOW BIOFUELS ARE PRODUCED
Sugars from crops are fermented by microorganisms to produces ethanol.
Common in the production of ethanol from corn or sugarcane
2) Transesterification
Vegetable oils or animal facts are chemically reacted with alcohol (methanol
or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin.
3) Gasificatioon
Organic materials are heated in a low-oxygen environment to produce
syngas, which can be converted into liquid fuels.
4) Pyrolysis
Biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen to produce bio-oil, which can
be refined into usable fuels.
GREEN SOLUTIONS IN THE FORM OF NEW ENERGY SOURCES
SUCH AS HYDROGEN ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY AND TIDAL
ENERGY

Green Solutions in the form of New Energy Sources refer to

sustainable and environmentally friendly methods of producing
energy that minimize environmental degradation and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
They leverage renewable and natural resources like water,
wind, sunlight, and the Earth’s thermal or kinetic energy.
Hydrogen
HYDROGEN energy has gained prominence for its ability to
ENERGY
serve as a clean and efficient energy carrier.
Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is often termed the “Fuel of the future” because
of its clean-burning properties. It is an energy carrier rather
than a primary energy source, meaning it can store and
deliver energy produced by other means.
Production of Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is not freely available in its pure form and must
be extracted using various methods :
 THERMAL PROCESS
Thermal Processes use to energy in various feedstocks (natural
gas, coal, biomass, etc.) to release the H2 that is part of their
molecular structure. The main hydrogen production technologies
using fossil fuels are all thermal processes, and include reforming,
gasification, and pyrolysis.
Biological & Termochemical Processes : Thermochemical Processes use heat
in combination with a closed chemical cycle to produce H2, while biological
processes use microbes or fungi in fermentative reactions to produce gases
from which hydrogen can be derived.
Electrolytic Processes : These processes use electricity to split water into its
two chemical constituents, oxygen O2 and H2, using an electrolyzer. The cost
and efficiency of producing H2 via electrolytic processes is directly dependent
on the cost and efficiency of the electricity used in the process
Photolytic Process : These processes use light energy to split water into H2
and O2. These processes are currently In the earl stages of development and
currently are not viable for large scale production.
Green hydrogen : is a clean energy source produced through the electrolysis of water using
renewable energy sources such as wind solar, and hydro power. It has the potential to become
a key player in the transition to a carbon-free economy and can help mitigate climate change.
The hydrogen produced can be stored and used as a fuel for transportation, industry, and
agriculture

What are the Reasons to develop Green Hydrogen ?

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission :
The primary reason for developing green hydrogen is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigate climate change. The use of fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation is
a major contributor to global emissions.
Green Hydrogen, produced from renewable source, emit zero greenhouse gases, making it a
sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source
Energy Security and Independence : Fossil Fuels are a finite resource, and their prices can
fluctuate due to global supply and demand. By developing renewable energy sources like
green hydrogen, countries can become more energy-independent and less vulnerable to price
shocks and supply disruptions.
Technological Advancements :
The development of green hydrogen can drive
technological advancements and innovations
in various sectors. The production, storage,
and distribution of green hydrogen require
new technologies and infrastructure which
can spur the development of new materials
process, and systems
Ocean Energy
Ocean energy refers to the renewable power generated from the
ocean’s natural movements, such as tides, wave, and temperature
differences in water layers (thermal gradients). This energy is
clean, sustainable, and can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
India with its vast coastline of over 7,500 kilometers, has a huge
potential to tap into ocean energy, Coastal areas can use tidal
energy by capturing the rise and fail of tides, wave energy by
harnessing the motion of waves, and thermal energy by utilizing
the temperature diffrences between surface and deep waters.
Although this resource is currently underutilized in India,
develolping ocean energy could contribute significantly to the
country’s renewable energy goals while ensuring a greener
future.
Wave Energy
PRODUCTION METHODS
Ocean Wave Energy is the important renewable source of
energy. This is the energy of interchanging kinetic energy and
potential energy Ocean wave energy is created by the
interaction of wind with the surface sea water which contains
both the kinetic energy and potential energy. The ocean wave
energy depend upon wind speed, duration of the wind and the
distance from which interacts with surface water. When wind
move across the surface some of their energy is transferred to
the water which create wave. The wave energy conversion
device are used to extract the energy stored in the waves.
WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION
DEVICES
The energy of waves can be converted into mechanical or
electrical energy by using different wave energy devices
1) Wave profile Devices : These are wave energy devices
which turn the oscillating height of the oceans surface into
mechanical energy.
Oscillating water Columns : These are wave energy devices
which convert the energy of the wave into air pressure.
Wave Capture Devices : These are wave energy devices
which convert the energy of the wave into potential energy.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
WAVE ENERGY :
Advantages
 Wave conditions are predictable
 Naturally concentrated by accumulation at all time
 Not require large land masses.
 Wave energy conversion devices are pollution free.
Disadvantages
Maintenance is difficult.
Difficult to extract power efficiently due to irregular wave pattern.
Wave energy conversion devices are complicated
Scarcity of accessible sites.
Harnessing of power is difficult.
TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal energy is produced by the
gravitational interaction of the Earth, the
sun, and the moon, which causes the tides
to rise and fall naturally.
ADVANTAGES OF AND
DISADVANTAGES TIDAL ENERGY
Advantages of Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is a predictable and consistent source of energy.
Tidal energy production has minimal environmental impact compared to traditional fossil
fuel-based power generation.
It has a high energy density, meaning that it can generate a large amount of electricity
from a relatively small area.
It is more readily available and scalable renewable energy option.
Disadvantages
Its constructions is very expensive
It takes a lot of time and skilled people to maintain as well as repair its equipment
Tidal Energy also leads to habitat change and other environmental issues.
It does not provide3 the amount of energy that is required as high tides are only present
for 10 hours a day.
MARINE CURRENT
ENERGY
Marine current energy is a renewable energy source that uses the
kinetic energy of ocean currents to produce electricity. Ocean
currents are steady water flows driven by tides, wind, and the Earth’s
rotation. This energy source is predictable and reliable, unlike some
other renewable like wind or solar.

How It Works
Underwater Turbines : Turbines are installed beneath the water
surface in areas with strong currents.
Kinetic Energy Conversion : The moving water rotates the turbine
blades, which are connected to a generator that produces electricity.
Energy Transfer : The generated electricity is sent to land through
underwater cables for distribution and use.
BENEFITS OF MARINE CURRENT ENERGY
AND CHALLENGES ALSO
Benefits
Sustainable : Utilizes the natural and continuous flow of ocean currents.
Predictable : Currents follow regular patterns, ensuring consistent power generation.
Environmentally Friendly : Does not release greenhouse gases or pollutants .

Challenges of Marine Current Energy:

High Costs : Installation and maintenance of underwater systems can be expensive.
Ecosystem Impact : May affect marine life and disrupt underwater habitats.
Geographic Limitations : Only feasible in regions with strong ocean cuurrents, such as
coastal areas as straits.
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
CONVERSION
Ocean Thermal energy exists in the form of temperature
difference between warm surface water and colder deep
water. The moderate temperature difference is caused
due to absorption of solar radiation by the sea and
oceans between the upper and lower levels of water. This
stored energy is converted in work with the help of
thermodynamic cycle and it is known as ocean thermal
energy conversion. OTEC is the method of producing
electricity from the temperature difference.
OTEC TECHNOLOGY
There are two type of OTEC Technology
Open Cycle OTEC System : In this system the warm water is admitted in the evaporator.
The steam generated in the evaporator enters in special steam turbine which converts
thermal energy into mechanical energy. The steam admitted in the steam turbine drives
the steam turbine rotor and it is exhausted to the condenser. The steam get condensed
and discharge in the ocean and cold water from the deep admitted in the condenser.
 CLOSED CYCLE OTEC SYSTEM
In this system refrigerants is used having low boiling point like ammonia or butane or
Freon. The vapour of the working fluid drives vapour turbine generator to generate
electricity. The working fluid is circulated in the cycle comprising of heat exchanger, vapour
turbine, surface condenser and liquid vapour pressurizer. Heat is extracted from the ocean
water by working fluid and get vaporized expanded on the turbine and turbine drives the
electrical generator.
The Expanded vapour is condensed in the condenser. The working fluid is circulated again
and again through the closed cycle to generate power continuously. Heat exchanger are
used in OTEC plants to transfer the heat stored from sea water to working fluid used in the
heat exchanger to produce useful energy by turbine. Titanium, Aluminium, Copper-nickel
alloy, graphite, Plastic are used for heat exchanger
ADVANTAGES OF OTEC
Renewable and sustainable energy source
Produces no greenhouse gases or pollution
Can generate electricity continuously, day and night
Provides additional benefits like desalinated fresh water and air
conditioning.
Disadvantages of OTEC
High installation and operational costs.
Limited to tropical regions where the temperature difference is
sufficient.
Potential environmental impacts on marine ecosystems. Requires