ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM
UNIT 4 MODULE 4
LET THE STUDENTS READ
THE OVERVIEW ON PAGE 320
VOCABULARIES
HOW IS ELECTRICITY
PRODUCED?
ELECTRICITY POWERS ALL OUR GADGETS AND
APPLIANCES AT HOME . HAVE YOU EVER
WONDERED HOW ELECTRICITY REACHES US
FROM THE ELECTRIC POWER PLANT? WHAT
PROCESSES DOES ELECTRICITY HAVE TO GO
THROUGH IN ORDER TO REACH US AT HOME?
LET THE STUDENTS SEE FIGURE 1 ON PAGE
322. PARTS OF A HYDROPOWER PLANT
VARIOUS SOURCES OF ENERGY ARE UTILIZED TO PROVIDE
ELECTRICITY TO POWER OUR HOUSEHOLD. FOR EXAMPLE,
THE TREMENDOUS ENERGY PRODUCED BY FALLING WATER
IS USED BY WATER TURBINES TO ROTATE LARGE
GENERATORS AT A HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
AS THE WATER FALLS FROM THE RESERVOIR, ITS KINETIC
ENERGY INCREASES AND IT FLOWS VERY FAST. THE
FALLING STEAM OF WATER TURNS A FAN-LIKE DEVICE
CALLED A URBINE, WHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE
GENERATOR’S SHAFT.
THE ROTATION OF THE SHAFT TURNSPOWERFUL
ELECTROMAGNETS THAT ARE SURROUNDED BY THE COIL
OF THE COPPER WIRES. THE COIL IS CONNECTED TO A
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER THAT SENDS HIGH-VOLTAGE
CURRENT TO POWER LINES.
OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY AT POWER
PLANTS INCLUDE STEAM FROM BURNING
FOSSIL FUELS,NUCLEAR REACTIONS, WIND,
AND OCEAN TIDES, EACH SOURCE PROVIDES
THE ENERGY OF MOTION TO TURBINES THEN
TO THE GENERATORS,PRODUCING ELECTRICAL
[Link] PLANTS, IN GENERAL, USE
GENERATORS TO CONVERT KINETIC ENERGY
INTO ELECTRICAL [Link] SPECIFIC
SOURCE, HOWEVER, USES SOLAR PANELS
MADE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS TO CONVERT
SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY INSTEAD
OF TURBINES.
CAN YOU EXPLAIN HOW OTHE
RPOWER PLANTS WORK?
PICTURE OF THE PARTS OF A COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT
LET THE STUDENTS DO THE
ACTIVITY ON PAGE 323
HOW IS ELECTRICITY
TRANSMITTED AND
DISTRIBUTED?
FROM THE POWER PLANTS, ELECTRICITY IS
THEN MADE TO TRAVEL ALONG CABLES AND
WIRES CALLED TRANSMISSION
[Link] LINES ARE COMMONLY
PUT UP BETWEEN TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS
WHICH ARE REGULATED BY THE NATIONAL
POWER [Link]
LINESMAY EITHER BE CONSTRUCTED
OVERHEAD ON TOWERS OR THEY MAY BE
[Link] ARE OPERATED AT HIGH
VOLTAGES, SEND OUT LARGE AMOUNTS OF
ELECTRICAL POWER AND EXTEND OVER
CONSIDERABLE DISTANCES.
FROM THE GENERATING STATION, THE
TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS STEP UP THE
VOLTAGE TO A RANGE OF 138,000-765,000
[Link] THE OPERATING AREA,
TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS REDUCE (STEP
DOWN) THE TRANSMITTED VOLTAGE TO 34,500-
138,000 VOLTS. THIS POWER IS THEN CARRIED
THROUGH LINES TO THE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS LOCATED IN THE LOCAL SERVICE
AREA.
THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONNECTS THE
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TO THE CUSTOMER’S
HOUSEHOLD. MERALCO IS IN CHARGE OF THE
ELECTRICAL ENERGY DISTRIUTION IN METRO
MANILA. THE DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS
FURTHER STEP DOWN THE VOLTAGE TO 2,400-
19,920 VOLTS. A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
FURTHER REDUCES THE VOLTAGE TO 220 V,
THE STANDARD AC VOLTAGE IN THE
PHILIPPINES. THIS VOLTAGE POWERS MOST OF
THE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES WE HAVE AT
HOME.
LET THE STUDENTS DO THE
ACTIVITY ON PAGE 328
LET THE STUDENTS DO THE
ACTIVITYON PAGE 330
HOW IS THE COST OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION CONSUMED?
CALCULATING
ENERGY USE
DO YOU KNOW THAT YOU CAN
CALCULATE YOUR ELECTRIC BILL?
BUT BEFORE THAT, LET US KNOW
THE BASIS FOR CALCULATING YOUR
ELECTRIC BILL. ONE OF THE FACTORS
TO BE CONSIDERED IS THE POWER
RATING OF YOUR [Link] THE
WAY, WHAT IS POWER?
YOU LEARNED IN GRADE 8 THE THREE ELECTRICAL
QUANTITIES WHICH ARE CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND
RESISTANCE. MULTIPLYING THE VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT IS EQUAL TO POWER. FOR INSTANCE,THE
POWER RATING OF AN APPLIANCE DEPENDS ON BOTH
THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. THE FORMULA IN
FINDING POWER (IN WATTS) IS WRITTEN BELOW.
WHERE:
P=POWER (WATTS)
V=VOLATAGE (VOLTS)
I=CURRENT (AMPERES)
SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
1. AN ELECTRIC FAN DRAWS 5-A CURRENT
FROM A 220-V OUTLET, ITS POWER INPUTIS
1,100 W. FOR ONE APPLIANCE, THE POWER
RATING IS LARGE IN NUMBER, SO THE UNIT
USED FOR COMBINED POWER RATING INA
HOUSEHOLD IS IN KILOWATT (KW) WHICH IS
EQUAL TO 1000 WATTS. ALL OF THE
APPLIANCES IN A HOUSEHOLD MAY HAVE A
COMBINED POWER RATING, THAT IS WHY,
ENERGY IS USUALLY COMPUTED BASED ON
THE TIME OF USAGE OF THE APPLIANCES.
TO GET THE TOTAL ENERGY USED BY AN
APPLIANCE IN AN HOUR, MULTIPLY THE POWER
CONCUMPTION BY THE ONE HOUR AS IN THE
FORMULA BELOW:
E =PT
WHERE
E=ENERGY USED (KWH)
P=POWER (W)
T=TIME (S)
THE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT FOR ENERGY
USAGE IS KILOWATT-HOUR (KWH) WHICH IS ONE
KILOWATT OF POWER FOR A PERIOD OF ONE
HOUR. FRO EXAMPLE,THE READING IN THE
ANALOG METER IN FIGURE 1 SHOWS THAT THE
CUSTOMER HAS USED ALMOST 800 KWH,7796
KWH TO BE EXACT,WHILE THE READING IN THE
DIGITAL METER OF ANOTHER CUSTOMER IS
EXACTLY 40.608 KWH. TO FIND HOW MUCH
ENERGY YOU USED IN ONE MONTH, YOUR LAST
MONTH’S READING IS SUBTRACTED FROM THE
TOTAL.
TRY TO SOLVE THE FOLLOWING
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN CALCULATING
ENERGY COST.
FIGURE 7 PAGE 333 :A DIGITAL ELECTRIC METER
[Link] COMPUTERS IN THE ICT ROOM ARE
IN USE FOR FIVE HOURS EVERY DAY AND
TOGETHER USE 8.3 KW . HOW MUCH
ENERGY IS USED IN A DAY?
GIVEN:
P=8.3 KW
T=5H
FIND :ENERGY USED
FORMULA: E =PT
SOLUTION:
=(8.3 KW) (5H)
=41.5 KWH
[Link] MUCH DOES IT COST TO
OPERATE A 400 W TELEVISION FOR
EIGHT HOURS IF THE ELECTRICAL
ENERGY COSTS 6.88 PESOS PER KWH
( INCLUDES BOTH GENERATION
ANDDISTRIBUTION CHARGES –
MERALCO RATE AS OF
JANUARY,2014)?
GIVEN
FIND:COST TO OPERATE
FORMULA:E=PT
SOLUTION:
=(0.400 KW)(8H)
=3.2 KWH
COST=(3.2KWH)96.88 PESOS/KWH)
COST=22.02 PESOS
[Link] TO EXAMINE THE SAMPLE BILLING
STATEMENT IN FIGURE 8 ON PAGE 334,
THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMED FOR A
MONTH IS 419 KWH. THIS MEANS THAT
THE COMPANY CHARGES 4.36 PESOS/KWH
AS SEEN IN THE GENERATION CHARGE
WHICH IS 1,827.01. BUT WHY DID THE
COMPANY CHARGED A TOTAL OF 4321.31
TO THE CONSUMER? AS SEEN IN THE
BILLING SUMMARY, THE COMPANY
ENUMERATES OTHER FEES TO BE PAID.
CAN YOU THINK OF SOME WAYS ON HOW WE CAN
SAVE ON ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION? LIST
DOWN AT LEAST 3 ENENRGY SAVING TIPS FOR EACH
APPLIANCE
A. WASHING MACHINE
B. REFRIGERATOR
C. CLOTHES IRON
D. LIGHTS AND LAMP
E. ELECTRIC FAN
F. TELEVISION
HOW DOES MAGNETISM
PRODUCE ELECTRICITY?
ELECTRICITY FROM
MAGNETISM
HOW DO ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS
PRODUCE ELECTRICITY? IN THE PREVIOUS
DISCUSSIONS, WE LEARNED THAT MOST
ENERGY SOURCES SUCH AS COAL, OIL,
DIESEL , HEAT FROM THE EARTH’S
INTERIOR ARE USED TO MAKE TURBINES
WORK, WHICH ARE THEN CONNECTED TO
A DEVICE CALLED A GENERATOR WHICH
CONVERTS MECHANICAL ENERGY TO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
ELECTRIC GENERATORS ARE DEVICES WHICH CONVERT
MECHANICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY. THIS IS
POSSIBLE DUE TO THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A
CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD AND A CONDUCTOR
INSIDE THE GENERATOR ASSEMBLY. A STEADY MAGNE
AND A CONDUCTOR AT REST CANNOT PRODUCE
ELECTRIC CURRENT. EITHER THE MAGENT OR THE
CONDUCTOR SHOULD BE IN MOTION IN ORDER TO
INDUCE [Link] FARADAY ISKNOWN FOR
HIS WORK ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM IN 1821
USING AN IRONRING-COIL APPARATUS. HIS WORK
PAVED THE WAY FOR MORE ADVANCED DISCOVERIES
ON ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. THIS
CONCEPT WILL BE FURTHER EXPLAINED IN GRADE 10
CAN YOU THINK OF SOME WAYS ON HOW WE
CAN SAVE ON ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION?LIST DOWN AT LEAST 3
ENERGY-SAVING TIPS FOR EACH APPLIANCE
A. WASHING MACHINE
B. REFRIGERATOR
C. CLOTHES IRON
D. LIGHTS AND LAMPS
E. ELECTRIC FANS
F. TELEVISION