Instructor:

Asif Ali Soomro

Biology 12th
Chapter No: 24th

Evolution
 Instructor:
Asif Ali Soomro
Biology 12th
Chapter No: 24th

Evolution
 Chapter No: 24th
Evolution
#Meaning:> Latin:means Unfolding /Emerging .
 Emerging means”Historical development from enclosing
structure “.
 Gradual development /Modification of something .
 Evolution is gradual changes .
 It may be the evolution of :
 Evolution of earth .
 Evolution of man .
 Evolution of plants etc.
#Organic Evolution :> Evolution of living organisms.
 Evolution is the process which transformed life from earliest
simple to complex / vast diversity which we observe.

 Darwin defind it as “Descent with modification ‘’.

 According to Zimmermann “ Evolution is the transformation

of the form and mode of existence of an organism in such a
manner that descendants differ from their ancestors.”
# Concept of evolution :>
The great diversity among the living organisms
around us made made the human to think
about their origin .
There are two schools of thoughts :
1. Divine Creation
2. Origin through simple to complex
 Theories regarding the origin of living
Organisms
Theory of Special Creation Theory of natural selection
 Purposed by Spanish priest father  Given by Charles Darwin
Suarez (1548 – 1663)  One type of organisim give rise to
 No inter relationship b/w species other type of organism
from origin point of veiw  Life is evolved not created
 All living organisms came into being  Nature select organisms to servive
existence in their present form
 Spportesers:
specially and specifically craeted by
nature or God (Divine creation ) • Aristople
 At same or some intervals . • Drawin
 Supporter: C:Linnaeous ( intially ) • Lamarck
 Fixed and immutable  Changeable and mutable
 Past=present form  Simple to complex
 George Buffon (1749 – 1788) was first to
implement geological time scale and develop
the idea that living beings evolved constantly.
 Evoltion based on :
 Interaction of organisms between them and
with their environment .
 Environmental factors.
 Ancestral history
# Varition : The small genetic differences between the
members of same species is called as varition or
genetic varition.
For example : All humen are same species but may
differ in height, skin colour, intelligence, eye colour,
hair colour etc.
 There are two types of variation :
1. Continueous variation: The small differences with
many intermediates b/w two extremes is called as
continueous varition. Ex: Height, colour
Continueus Variation
2. Discontinueous Variatdiscontinueous ion :
The small differences between two extremes
without intrmediates is called as variation.
Ex: Tangue rolling or not , fused/fixed earlobe
or free earlobe.
Note: The causes of evolution are:
Crossing over during meiosis(Gametogenesis)
Mutation
Discontinueous Variation
 Evidences of evolution
1. Evidence from fosil record (Palaeontolgy )
 A fossil is any trace of life from the past
 The sign or any trace that indicates the life in
past is called as fossil.
Ex: Archaeopteryx: (Gr:Archaeo=old +wings )
 Link b/w Reptiles and birds
2. Taxonomy
3. Evidences from homology /comp:antomy
 Different species shows close resemblaues in
their anatomy .
Many animals have similar internal structure
pattern while different in appearances .
This indicate the link b/w the parents of
different modern animals .
Organs having same anatomical structure but
perform different functions are called as
homologyus organs
Ex :
Skeleton in the wings of birds or bat, forelimb of
turtle or fore leg of horse or cat, flipper of whale
and arms of man is very similar internally having
same type of bones and muscles.
Indicating common orgin/ ancestory also called
as Divergent evolution.
4. Evidence from embryology :
 It shows the similarities b/w the embryo of different
animals whose adults are different .
 vertibrate history and embryological study suggests that
fish amphibia ( Salamander), reptiles (tartoises), birds and
mammals including man had a common ancestor .
 Some species have organs which are similar in function
but differ in their anatomical structures are called
analogous organs, also termed as convergent evolution
that differend ancestory.
 Example: Wings of birds,bat,insects etc .
5. Evidences from biochemistry:
Shows the relationship in the ch: compostion of
animals .
Blood serum contains some specific protiens
which determines antigen –antibody reactions.
 The blood protiens of man and apes are related
.
Old monkey and new world monkey
 Blood protiens of carnivers like cats, dogs and
bears are related .
Protiens in herbivores like cow , goats, sheep,
and deer are related
 Theoeries of Organic Evolution
# Lamarck theory of evolution (Lamarkism )
Given by French biologist: Jean Baptste de
lamark in his book “Philosophiqu of
zoology’’in1809.
Also callled as lamarkism /pre Darwin period
charactors.
Based on uses and disuse of organs .
# Postulates
1 Effect of environment :
Changing environmental conditions are
responsible to change oeganisms .
 If environment change organisms must change themselves
otherwise they can not survive they vanishes or extined.
2 Use and disuse of organ:
Organism continously using some organ and
disusing others in order to fullfills their needs.
 Organs which are used are become more strong and
modified in next generation while those which are not use
are disappear in next generation .
Ex: Legs of snake, Neck of giraffee , Feethers of
kiwi and Ostrich, Appendix and Coccyx in
human .
3 Inheritance of acquired characters:
A/c to lamark the changes or
character acquired by an organisms during life
time are inherited or shifted to his new
generations.
# Objections:
 Mutation result from accidents or diseases
are not inherited
Holes in ears and nose of mothers are not
inherited.
Removal of foreskin of boy present in next
generation
Weismann’s theory of germinal continuity
# Weismann’s Expriements:
Removes the tails of many mice many
time but in repeated expr: new offspring born
with full lenth of tail .
# Result:
Only change in germ cells will pass into next
generation b/c only these cells are involved in
sexual repproduction .
 Theory of Organic evolution
Given by Charles Darwin in his book “Origin of
spesies”in 1859 .
 Based on natural selection so called as
“Theory of natural sslection”
# Postulates:
1 Descent with modification :
 He belive living organisms related to each
other through common ancestor .
 Modern (existing ) diverse forms are descent
of previous simpler forms and gradually adept
to the changing conditions.
 The history of life in like a tree
2 Natural Selection :
 Process of N.S operates to select organisms
having better adjustment with enviromnt .
Those which change ar adapt a/c to changing
Enviromntal conditions have oppottunity to
survive and reproduce other or vinshes .
 Four stage :
1 Over Reproductions :
 Every individiual of a sp: having power to
repr: to increase their numbers
 Due to limited life span and available
resources etc most of them do not reach
at sexual maturity and vanishes so sp: tries to
produces large number of offspring so that
some of them reach at sexual maturity and
reproduce.
2 Struggle for existence :
During life time, individuals struggle for
avilable resources of food, better living
conditions ,shelter etc
 Some of them vanishes during this process.
Only some of them have oppotunity to reproduce.
 Intra-specific striggle
 Compitation b/w the members of same species
for common ressoures.
 Inter – specific sruggle:
 Comp:b/w the members of different species
for common resoures
 Environmental struggle:
 To face environmental harshes ( tough
conditions)
3 Genetic –variation:
 members of a population or species differ
slightly from each other to ensure survival
and chances of reproduction
Ex: An epidemic may sweep out the entire group
In having same immunity.
By –genetic variation most adaptive traits
develooed
Traits-->Body characters of individual.
4 Sarvival of the fittest:
Individuals having the most favourable traists
(Better set of genes ) would have greater
chances of sarvival and reproduction.
 Organisms with better genes /traits are called as
fittest .
These organisms can pass their genes tob their
offspring .The whole process is called as “Natural
selection”.
 A/c to Darwin: The process of natural selection
was a way of the origin of new species through
very slow but gradual accumulation of changes .
Formation of new species is called as speciation .
[Link]
Neo-darwinism (Modern SyntheticTheory
of N-Selection
The modified form of darwinism explaning the
origin of species on genetic ,basis.
Main derving force genetic veriation
At the time of Darwin there is no enough
knowledge about genetics .
A/c to Daewin in an individual,
accumulationof fittest phylogenetic variation
is the major derving force of speciation.
 In neo Darwinism the main force derving
speciation is the gathering of genotypic variation
in a gene pool.
# Gene Pool: Set of all genes or genetic information
in any population /species is called Gene Pool
# De-Vries :One of the 3- person who rediscovered
mendel’s theory
He expain the role of mutation in evolution ( neo
Darwisism )
 Inspiration of Darwin
 Darwin was inspired by findings of other
researchers regarding fossilization and its
correlation with evolution
# Contribution of Chales Lyell:
 Great geologist
Theory:uniformitarianism (1830)inspired
Drawin
He belived that earth was always changed slow
and uniform ways from past to present .
Same natural process and laws operates in
present days like in begining .
Darwin thought this has the same way that life
on the earth also changed .
R-FitzRoy captain of HMS Beagle intriduced
Darwin to Lyell,s idea .
# Cntribution of Hutton:
Famous geologist
 Put forwarded the idea if “Fossilization”
before Lyell’
He publish the idea that the same processes
that formed earth at the begining of time
were the same that were happening in
present day .
 Earth changed but mechanism never changed
# Contribution Thomas R Malthus:
 Economist
Theory on human population
A/c to Malthus : the human population was
growing faster than the food producion that
may lead to many death from starration and
forces the population to level up or level out .
Darwin applied these ideas to all the
population and develops the concept of
“Survival of the fittest”.
# Collaboration with Alfred Russell Wallace
A-R-Wallace one of the contemporaries Charles
Darwin.
Collaboration with Darwin on theory of
evolution
He helped Darwin in publishing theory.
Both jointly present the idea of natural
selection to the Linnaean society of london in
1858
# Why theory of natural selection attributed to
Darwin
After joint representation of theory of natural
selection ,Darwin public the book on “Orginof
species” in 1959.
Also discuss evolution of human and publish
“Descent of man”