Chapter 3: Philippine History:

Spaces for conflict and

controversies

P R E PA R E D B Y:
R H E A P. A L E G A D O
 2 key concepts:

1. Interpretation
2. Multiperspectivity
 WHAT THE WORD, THAT’S THE
WORD(OVERVIEW)

Give me a word ( Only a word not a sentence

or phrase) that can be associated with the
words.
Note: Do not copy other’s answers! Think
of your own words!

INTERPRETATION
MULTIPERSPECTIVE
 Learning Objectives:

• To interpret historical events using primary

sources.
• To recognize the multiplicity of interpretation
than can be read from a historical text.
• To identify the advantages and disadvantages
of employing critical tools in interpreting
historical events through primary sources.
• To demonstrate ability to argue for or against
a particular issue using primary sources.
 Historical Interpretation

History is the study of the past, but more

contemporary definition is centered on how it
impacts the present through its consequences.
Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as “the
attempt to discover, on the basis of fragmentary
evidence, the significant things about the past.”
He also notes“the history we read, though based
on facts, is strictly speaking, not factual at all,
but a series of accepted judgments.”Such
judgments of historians on how the past should
be seen make the foundation of historical
interpretation.
Interpretations of the past, therefore, vary
according to who reads the primary source,
when it was read, and how it was read.
 Multiperspectivity

Can be defined as a way of looking at

historical events, personalities,
developments, cultures and societies from
different perspectives.
Ann Low Beer explains, “In history, multiple
perspectives are usual and have to be tested
against evidence, and accounted for in
judgments and conclusions.
the National Historical Commission of the
Philippines officially recognized Kalantiaw
and the Code of Kalantiaw to be a 20th-
century fraudulent work by José Marco with
no historical basis.
SA AKING MGA KABATA
BY: JOSE P. RIZAL
 DIFFERENCES

HISTORICAL INTERPRETATIONS
MULTIPERSPECTIVITY
 quiz

I. TRUE OR FALSE. Write .

1. The poem Sa Aking Mga Kabata mainly
talks about Rizal's message to us that we
Filipinos should cherish Spanish language.
2. According to Rizal, Filipino is inferior
among other languages.
T3. The poem expresses that our native
tongue determines our identity.
S4. Filipino language is a gift bestowed by
Mother Spain to be treasured and used in our
daily lives.
III. SIMPLE RECALL.
Write what is being described in each item on
the blanks provided.
8 yrs old9. At what age did Rizal wrote his first
poem Sa Aking Mga Kabata.
Beast10. To what did Rizal compare a person
who does not love his own language. Smelly
Fish11.
To My Fellow Children13. The English version
of the poem Sa Aking Mga Kabata.
 CASE STUDY 1: Where did the First Catholic Mas
Take Place in the Philippines?

Butuan and Limasawa

Butuan has long been believed as the site of

the first mass.
 2 primary sources in identifying the site of the first
mass.

1. Francisco’s Albo Log

- a pilot of ones Magellan’s ship, Trinidad.
-one of the 18 survivors who returned with
Sebasatian Elcano on the ship Victoria after they
circumnavigated the world.
2. Antonio Pigafetta’s account
-published the book (First Voyage around the
world by Magellan)
-a member of the Magellans expedition and
an eyewitness of the evetns, particularly of the
first mass.
Per Pigafetta, chronicler of the Magellan
Expedition, the Easter Sunday Mass that
expedition chaplain Fr. Pedro Valderama
celebrated on March 31, 1521, happened in a
place he identified as Mazaua. But according
to proponents of the Mass in Limasawa,
Robertson provided a footnote that the
present name of Mazaua, the site of the
historic Mass, is Limasawa.
 Francisco Albo’s log

-Pilot of Trinidad ship

-Mazava, place where the cross was planted
upon a mountain top
-Mazava (Limasawa), southern tip of Leyte,
9°54’N
- Albo does not mention the first Mass, but only
the planting of the cross
upon a mountain- top from which could be seen
three islands to the
west and southwest, which also fits the southern
end of Limasawa.
 Antonio Pigafetta’s account

“Humunu” (Homonhon)
oMagellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands
of Saint
Lazarus,” the reason being that it was Sunday in the
Lenten
season
o“Watering Place of Good Omen”
oMagellan’s expedition stayed eight days at
Homonhon: from
Sunday, March 17, to the Monday of the following
week, March
25
 Mazaua

o Thursday, March 28
o“lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds
towards the Arctic Pole (i.e.,
North) and in a longitude of one hundred and
sixty-two degrees
from the line of demarcation. It is twenty-five
leagues from the
Acquada.
oremained seven days on Mazaua Island
Case study 2: What happened in the Cavite Mutiny?

Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of the 3

priest.
MARIANO GOMEZ, JOSE BURGOS &
JACINTO ZAMORA
GOMBURZA
 Spanish Perspective

 Jose Montero y Vidal

 -The event was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government
 -Woefully biased
 -The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the Laborers of the Cavite
 arsenal of exemption from the tribute cause the insurrection,
 according to some.
 -Authorities received anonymous communications with the
 information that a great uprising would break out against the
 Spaniards, the minute the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and that
 all would be assassinated including the friars. But nobody gave
 importance to these notices.
 -Principal leaders – meeting at D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera or in
 Jacinto Zamora
 Governor General Rafael Izquierdo

 Secularization of the parishes

 -Instigators encouraged rebellion by protesting what they called the
 injustice of having obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay
 tribute
 -Filipinos want to revolt to install a new hari in the likes of Zamora
or
 Burgos
 -In Spaniard’s account, the event of 1872 was premediated, they
 allegedly plan to overthrow officials including the friars, the signal
 was identified the rockets fired from Intramuros (fireworks display in
 Sampaloc for the feast of Virgin of Loreto)
 -February 17, 1872 – GOMBURZA executed
 Filipino Perspective

 Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera

 -that they revolt against the Spaniard because of the unfair
 treatment that they experience during the reign of Gov.
Izquierdo,
 abolishing their privileges and prohibiting the establishment
of
 schools for arts and trades
 -Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a way
to
 address other issues by blowing out of proportion the isolated
 mutiny attempt. During this time, the Central Government in
Madrid was planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of
intervention in matters of civil government and direction and
management of educational institutions.
 Edmund Plauchut

The friars used the incident as a part of a

larger conspiracy to cement their dominance,
which had started to show cracks because of
the discontent of the Filipinos. They
showcased the mutiny as part of a greater
conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to
overthrow the Spanish Government.
 GOMBURZA

Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora

Spanish clergy connected the priests to the
mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests who desired to
have their own parishes instead of being
merely assistants to the regular friars.
 Case Study 3: Did Rizal Retract?

The Retraction”
-first published in La Voz Española and Diario
de Manila on December 30, 1896
-second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, in
the magazine La Juventud by Fr.
Vincente Balaguer
-original text found in the archdiocesan
archives on May 18, 1935, after almost four
decades of disappearance
 Balaguer Testimony

a Jesuit friar
according to him, Rizal woke up several
times, confessed four times, attended a Mass,
received the communion, and prayed the
rosary, all of which seemed out of character
 Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia

Research of Professor Rene R. Escalante

Included a report on the last hours of Rizal,
written by Federico Moreno
Fathers March and Vilaclara prepared the
retraction on his life and deeds that Rizal
refused to sign
But at 3 o’clock, Rizal signed the document
that the accused had written which Father
March handed him
Lover of his Rizal arrived and they got married
 Rizal’s Connection to the Katipunan

Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal in Dapitan to give

them advise about the revolution
-Rizal disagreed the idea, he advised that
they must first seek support from wealthy
Filipinos
-He also suggested Antonio Luna to be
recruited to direct the military movement of
the revolution
 Rebellion Happen?

“El Grito de Rebellion” or “Cry of Rebellion”-

mark the start of the revolutionary events.
In the Philippines, this Happened in August
1896, northeast of Manila
Teodoro Agoncillo – emphasizes the event
when Bonifacio tore the cedula before
theKatipuneros who also did the same
Lt. Olegario Diaz – a guardia civil
-Balintawak
-August 25, 1896
Teodoro Kalaw - historian
-Kangkong, Balintawak
-Last week of August 1896
Santiago Alvarez -a Katipunero
-Bahay Toro in Quezon City
-August 24, 1896
Pio Valenzuela (a Katipunero) & Teodoro
Agoncillo
-Pugad Lawin
-August 23, 1896
Gregorio Zaide – historian
-Balintawak
-August 26, 1896
Milagro Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion,
Ramon Villegas – historians
-Tandang Sora’s barn in Gulod, Barangay
Banlat, Quezon city
-August 24, 1896
 Accounts of the Cry

Guillermo MagsakayoAugust 26 – meeting in

the house of Apolonio Samson in Balintawak
Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio
Valenzuela – opposed to start therevolution
too early
Andres Bonifacio – initiated to tear their
cedula as a sign of their revolt
Pio ValenzuelaoKangkong at the house of
Apolonio Samson on August 22, 1896 – only a
meeting
In Pugad Lawin at the house of Juan Ramos
on August 23, 1896 – debate and discussion
about the revolution which would happen in
August 29,1896, tore their cedula certificate
and shouted “Long Live the Philippines”