WELCOME TO OUR

PRESENTATION
TOPIC: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PRESENTED TO: MAAM MADIHA
PRESENTED BY:
Gul e Zahra Aysha Noor Faiza Liaquat
Aatka Batool Maryam Riaz Umaima Kanwal
Maham Khan Hamna Farooq
Amna Jamil Manahil Sheikh
LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this topic we will learn
 INTRODUCTION
:
CVC is also known as blood vascular
system
 Circulates blood to all parts of body
 COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

HEART ARTERIES

VEINS CAPPILARIES
 HEART
Muscular organ that pumps
blood through the blood
vessels of circulatory system
LAYERS OF HEART
CHAMBERS
ENDOCARDIUM
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE

MYOCARDIUM
RIGHT
LEFT ATRIA
ATRIA

RIGHT LEFT EPICARDIUM

VENTRICLE VENTRICLE
 ENDOCARDIUM
Inner most layer of heart
Lined by layer of endothelium

sub-endothelial
connective tissue

sub-endocardial layer
MYOCARDIUM
• muscular coat of heart consisting cardiac
muscle
•The myocardium's contraction propels
blood out of the heart and into the
circulatory system
•One distinct feature present only in
cardiomyocytes are intercalated
discs which contain gap junctions
(adhesions that facilitate fast cell to cell
communication). Due to these features,
the myocardium functions as a syncytium
with synchronized contraction.
EPICARDIUM
•Outermost layer of heart
•Lined by simple squamous epithelium

thin layer of connective tissue rich in

elastic fibers
connection:
•The epicardium is attached to
myocardium by loose connective
tissues
VALVES OF THE 4-AORTIC VALVE
• Located between left ventricle and aorta

HEART: • Three cusps

ensures blood flow in correct direction • Allows blood to flow from left ventricle to body
preventing back flow of blood
1 TRICUSPID VALVE
• Located between right atrium and
right ventricle
• Three cusps or leaflets
• Allows blood to flow from right atrium to right
ventricle
2-BICUSPID VALVE
• Located between left atrium and left ventricle
• Two cusps or leaflets
• Allows blood flow from left atrium to left
ventricle
• Also called mitral valve
3-PULMONARY VALVE
• Located between right ventricle and pulmonary
artery
• Three cusps
 FUNCTIONS OF CARDIAC SKELETON
HEART SKELETON:  Support to the heart
a rigid framework of dense  Provides attachment points to cusps
Connective tissue located between  electrically isolates atria from ventricles
atria and ventricles  Delays depolarization for ventricular
COMPONENTS OF CARDIAC SKELETON contraction
 Two annuli Fibrosi (singular :
annulus fibrosus)
 A septum membranaceum
 Two trigona fibrosa
LOCATION OF COMPONENTS
 Left annulus fibrosus encircles left
AV valve
 Right A.F encircles right AV valve
 Pulmonary ring corresponds to pulmonary
valve
 Aortic ring corresponds to aortic valve
 Right and left trigones are interconnections
between fibrosus rings
 Septum membranaceum is in the upper part
of interventricular septum
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF
HEART:
• Controls heart rhythmic contractions
AV NODE

 Located beneath endocardium of right atrium

• Ensures coordinated contraction of atria and ventricles
 Composed of meshwork of cardiac muscle fibers, embedded in bulky
COMPONENTS: stroma of collagenous fibers
A. SA node  Numerous blood vessels and nerve fibers present
B. AV node  Cardiomyocytes of AV similar as those of SA node
C. AV bundles or Bundle of His  Function in initiation of contraction of ventricular myocardium
D. Purkinje fibers Bundle of His
 Located in interventricular septum
SA NODE
 Originates from AV node
 Located in R.A wall , lateral to superior vena cava
junction  Composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells
 Composed of Specialized cardiac muscles  These cells designed for rapid electrical conduction
network  Splits into left and right bundle branches
 Thin muscles (3-4 micrometer) than  Both bundle branches function for activation of myocardium of
cardiomyocytes right and left ventricles
 Joined by desmosomes and gap junctions  Both taper out to produce Purkinje fibers
 Less myofibrils and lack striated pattern
 Specialized cardiomyocytes of SA node contains
blood vessels and nerve fibers
 Function as pacemaker and stimulates rhythmic
contraction of atrial myocardium
 PURKINJIE
FIBERS:
• Located in subendocardial layer
• Spread throughout endocardium of both left and
right ventricles
• Composed of fewer myofibrils and are of large
diameter
• Cytoplasm rich in mitochondria and glycogen
granules
• Plasmalemma lodges numerous voltage gated
sodium channels
• Function is to stimulate individual groups of
cardiac muscle fibers to contract
 BLOOD
VESSELS

 DEFINITION:
“ The network of tubes that circulates the blood
throughout the body is known as blood vessels.”

 TYPES:
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries
 FUNCTIONS:
• They help to deliver oxygen to vital organ
and tissues.
• They remove the waste products.
• They regulate the blood pressure as well.
• They help in the transportation of water,
nutrients and essential components.
• They help to regulate the metabolism of
the body.
 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS:

Blood vessels have layered structures

and most of them (except capillaries)
have three main layers (tunics):

1) Tunica intima (inner layer).

2) Tunica media (middle layer).
3) Tunica externa (outer layer).
 ARTERIES
DEFINTION: The vessels which carry blood away from the heart

These are the vessels which carry oxygenated blood to other different
organs.

There are three layers of

arteries in general :

1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica adventitia
 TUNICA INTIMA:
•Innermost layer of blood
vessel
•Primarily a single layer of
endothelial cells
•Helps as a protective
barrier and regulate blood
flow
COMPOSITION
Endothelium :flat layer of
squamous epithelial cells
BASAL LAMINA :thin
supporting layer obeneath
endothelium
SUBENDOTHELIAL
LAYER:thin layer containing
collagen and elastic fibers
TUNICA MEDIA:
•Middle layer of blood vessel
•com posed of smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers
•Role in regulating diameter of vessel by constricting or dilating through
vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
 TUNICA ADVENTITIA:
Outermost layer of blood vessel
Composed primarily of connective tissue
Anchors the vessel to surrounding tissues and provides structural
support
COMPOSTION
Collagen fibers, fibroblasts with loose connective tissue
VASA VASORUM : blood supply
NERVI VASCULARIS: nerve supply

Three types of arteries

1. Large arteries /Elastic arteries/conducting arteries
2. Medium sized arteries/muscular arteries/distributing
arteries
3. arterioles

1. LARGE SIZED ARTERIES:

•Diameter ranges between 2.5 cm and 1 cm
•Elastic arteries :large amount of elastic tissue
•Conducting arteries: conduct blood from the heart
 Three layers : TUNICA INTIMA
i. Tunica intima •Relatively thick sub-endothelial connective tissue
ii. Tunica media •No external elastic lamina
iii. Tunica adventitia •No internal elastic lamina

TUNICA MEDIA
•Elastin ,collagen fibers ,smooth muscle
•Ground substance consists of proteoglycans EXAMPLES
and glycoproteins Aorta ,pulmonary artery
Coronary artery ,carotid
TUNICA ADVENTITIA artery, subclavian artery
•Quite thin
•Consists of collagenous and elastic fibers
•Fibroblasts and macrophages are also present

[Link] SIZED ARTERIES

•These are the branches of large arteries
•Diameter ranges from 10 mm to 0.1 mm
•MUSCULAR ARTERIES: large amount of smooth muscles in tunica media
•DISTRIBUTING ARTERIES: distribution of blood to various regions and
organs
 Three layers TUNICA INTIMA
i. Tunica intima •Shows all three typica layers i.e.
ii. Tunica media endothelium ,subendothelial connective
iii. Tunica adventitia tissue and internal elastic lamina (very
prominent , thick, fenestrated sheet of elastin
)
TUNICA MEDIA
•40 layers of disposed smooth muscle fibers
•External elastic lamina at the junction of media and adventitia

TUNICA ADVENTITIA
•Thick
•Longitudinally coursing collagenous and elastic fibers

EXAMPLES
Axillary, brachial, femoral and popliteal arteries

ARTERIOLS
Branches of medium sized arteries
Terminal arteries dividing into cappilaries
TUNICS OF ARTERIOLES
i. Tunica intima
ii. Tunica media
iii. Tunica adventitia

TUNICA INTIMA
•Made of endothelium
•Thin layer
TUNICA MEDIA
•One or two layers of circulatory
arranged muscle fibers

TUNICA ADVENTITIA
•Scanty
•Thin layer of longitudinally
oriented collagenous and elastic
fibers
FUNCTIONS
Regulate distribution of blood by
constriction or dilation
Some dilate to 60 to 100 percent
Chief controller of systemic blood
pressure
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Peripheral resistance increased when arterioler
walls contracted and arterioles constricted

HYPOTENSION
Peripheral resistance decrease when
Arterioler walls relaxed and vessela dilated

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS [Link]
Degenerative change Deposition of fatty material in tunica
Thickening intima
Loss of elasticity Leads to formation of localized
Narrowing result in ISCHEMIA which results in thickening in vessel wall called as
necrosis referred as infraction ATHEROMAS
Result in partial or complete
3 forms of arteriosclerosis occlusion of vascular lumen
[Link]
Thickening wall of small arteries

[Link] calcific sclerosis

Depositon of calcium in tunica media
 VEINS:
• Carry blood away from the tissues and organs and
return it to the heart.
• Basic structure: pattern resemble to
arteries.
• Main difference:

. Greater amount of collagenous connective tissue

. Lesser quantity of smooth muscles and connective tissues in its
Under Microscope: veins as compared wallto arteries have

. Thinner Walls

Larger Venules
Categories: veins are classified as
1: Venules
2: medium sized
venules 3: Larger veins
 VENULES:
• They are found in almost all organs andtissues in the body, including
[Link] and digestive tissues. Venules are tiny
blood vessels that connects capillaries to veins.
• Structure:
. Vein have thin walls similar to capillaries.
Capillaries
. Venules are made up of endothelial cells.
• Function:
. Carry blood from capillaries to veins.

. role in exchanging oxygen and nutrients for water products.

Venules are classified into:

. Post capillary venules: C1plll1rlt1

Range: Diamter range is 15 to20 micro meter

Pericytic venules: Walls consist of endothelium extensively covered by
pericytes these venules are called pericytic venules.
• Principle Vessels: Venules are principle vessels
because
. Leukocytes emigrates

•
Fluid escape from blood into tissues
. In case of inflammation and during allergic
reaction
. Gap junction: The pericytes or endothelial cells are joined by tight
junction
:>r gap junction.
. Muscular Venules
Location: Located distal to postcapillary venules
Diameter: Larger diameter upto 1 nano meter
Constitiute: Tunica media of the vessel
Collagen fibers: A thin adventia consisting collagen fibers can also be
:fistinguishable
Small veins: The muscular venules are known as small veins.
 Medium-sized veins

Medium-sized veins have

general structure of vessel
wall with wide, collapsed
lumen & thin wall due to
reduced amount of muscular
and elastic components.

Features:
 Tunica intima
 Tunica media
 Tunica adventitia
1) TUNICA INTIMA:
 It contains valves: intimal folds projecting into
lumen to prevent backflow of the blood, they are
abundant in veins of the lower and upper limbs.
2) TUNICA MEDIA:
 30% of the wall.
 It consist of concentric layers of smooth muscle
fibers with little collagen and elastic fibers.

3) TUNICA ADVENTITIA:
 70% of the wall.
 It consist of dense fibro-elastic connective tissue with longitudinally
arranged collagen and little elastic fibers.
 It is thicker than tunica media.
 SPECIAL TYPE OF VEIN
THE GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN
• The great saphenous vein is used for auto
transplantation in coronary artery bypass graft
surgery when arterial grafts (usually taken from the
internal thoracic artery) are not available or many
grafts are required for multiple bypass anastomoses. It
is also known as muscular vein because it contains
smooth muscle in all of its three tunics.

he intima → numerous longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

he media → unusual thick smooth muscle fiber.
The adventitia → numerous longitudinal smooth muscle fiber.
 LARGE
• They include venae cavae,VEINS
subclavian and portal veins.
• They have the general structure with relatively wide lumen.
1) TUNICA INTIMA: thin with no internal elastic lamina.
2) TUNICA MEDIA:
 30% of the wall.
 It consist of concentric layers of smooth muscle
fibers with collagen fibers.
 No external elastic lamina.
3) TUNICA ADVENTITIA:
 70% of the wall.
 It consist of dense fibro-elastic connective tissue with longitudinally
arranged smooth muscle fibers which strengthen the wall and prevent
distention of the vessel.
 Near their entry to the heart vanae cavae and pulmonary trunk have
extentions of artriac cardiac muscle fibers in their adventitia.
 VALVES OF THE VEINS
• Vein valves are one-way flaps that help blood flow
toward the heart. They are made up of elastic
 Location:
tissue. in deep veins of legs where force of gravity is
most significant.
 Functions:
 To ensure blood flows in only one direction.
 To stop blood flow flowing from backwards.
Venous valve:
 Consist of two semilunar flaps of tunica intima.
 Each flap has central core of collagen fibers and elastic
fibers which are continuous with tunica media.
 Surfaces of each valvular flap is covered by endothelium.
 CAPILLARIE
S:
. INTRODUCTION:
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the human body, forming a network that
connects arteries and veins.

. STRUCTURE:
1. They are typically very thin, with walls that are only one cell layer thick.
2. This thinness allows for efficient exchange between the blood and tissues.
3. Their walls composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, which are flat and tightly
joined together.
4. Diameter: 5-10 micrometer
5. Wall thickness: 1-2 micrometer
FUNCTIONS:
1. CAPILLARY BED:
. Capillaries are arranged in the
form of network called capillary
beds.
. In these networks oxygen and
nutrients pass from the blood into
the tissues.
. Carbon dioxide and other
products of cellular metabolism
pass from the cells into the blood.
2.
METARTERIOLE
(PRE- 3. THOROUGHFARE CHANNEL
CAPILLARY): (PREFERENTIAL CHANNELS):
. The terminal arteriole usually . Each metarteriole gives off many
gives a special branch called capillaries and finally continuous as a
metarteriole, to each capillary
bed. thoroughfare channel which opens into
FUNCTION: the venule draining the capillary bed.
. Control blood flow into the . No smooth muscle is present in the wall
capillary bed. of thoroughfare channel.
. Allows blood to by-pass the
true capillaries. . The capillaries arising from the
. Has muscle fibers that allow metarteriole form the capillary bed and
them to contract. converge to open into the thoroughfare
channel.
4. PRE-
CAPILLARY
SPHINCTER:
. Circular band of smooth muscle
fibers called pre-capillary
sphincter, surrounds the origin of
each capillary from the
metarteriole.
. Acts as a controller of blood
flowing into the capillary bed.
. Open and close several times
per minute. The duration of open-
phases is proportional to the
metabolic need of the tissues for
oxygen.
PERICYTES:
• DEFINITION:
• Contractile cells
• Elongated cells
• Long cytoplasmic processes
• LOCATION: Outer surface of endothelial cells.
• CONTRACTILE PROPERTY: Actin, myosin, tropomyosin- contractile.
property.
• REGULATORY ROLE: Regulate blood flow.
CLASSIFICATION OF CAPILLARIES:
. Continuous Capillaries
. Fenestrated Capillaries
. Discontinuous Capillaries
.CONTINUOUS
CAPILLARIES:

. Endothelial tubes
. Diameter: 7.9 micrometer
. Do not have gaps / pores
between them.
. Occluding junctions
. Transcytosis
EXAMPLE: Muscles, lungs,
CNS, skin.
.FENESTRATED
CAPILLARIES:

CHARACTERISTICS:
. Fenestrations (60-80nm)
between endothelial cells.
. Fenestrations covered with
diaphragm.
. No intercellular gaps.
. Continuous basement
membrane.
. Less complex intercellular
junctions.
. Pericyte present.
 LOCATION:
. Intestinal villi
. Renal glomeruli
. Endocrine gland
FUNCTION:
. More permeable than
continuous capillaries.
. Allow passage of small
molecules and limited
amounts of proteins to pass
through capillary membrane.
. DISCONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
(SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARY):

CHARACTERISTICS:
. Large lumen.
. Large intercellular gaps
between ECs.
. Gaps have no diaphragm.
. Discontinuous or absent
diaphragm.
. Pericyte absent.
LOCATION:
. Liver . Spleen . Bone marrow
FUNCTION:
. Allow maximal exchange of
macromolecules between
blood and tissues.
. Permit passage of cells from
blood into tissues and vice
versa.
. Allow liver to release clotting
factors and other proteins into
blood.
THANK
YOU
VERY
MUCH