TECHNICAL WRITING

- Is a type of writing where the author is writing about a particular

subject that requires direction, instruction, or explanation.

- It is a professional communication and a specialized form of

exposition: that is, written communication done on the job,
especially in fields with specialized vocabularies, such as science,
engineering, technology and the health sciences.
SUBJECTS OF TECHNICAL WRITING:

[Link] – something that can be seen or touched, such as a

computer or software program, or information on how to
assemble a piece of furniture;
[Link] – something that involves a series of steps that
aren’t related to a tangible object. One example of this might
be steps required to complete an office process.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNICAL WRITING

[Link] AND CONCISENESS – considerable amount of time

and effort is needed to keep things as simple as possible;
[Link] – there is no room for ambiguity or errors in a
technical document;
[Link] FOCUSED – every piece of writing should be written
with its audience in mind;
[Link] OBJECTIVE, FACT AND TASK BASED APPROACH – technical
writing is not emotive in style. Is uses a very objective, fact
based approach, because it aims to convey information;
[Link] CONSIDERATION OF DESIGN ISSUES – technical
writers often have to do more than simply write. They also
have to consider the design of their document to make it easier
to read. Page layout, headings, subheadings, bullet points, etc.
 TYPE OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION IN CRIMINAL
JUSTICE

[Link] AND REPORTS

[Link] PLEADINGS
[Link] ORDERS
[Link] AND RESEARCH
[Link] COMMUNICATIONS
LEGAL FORMS/PLEADINGS
LEGAL FORMS
- Are binding written documents that serve as means
for putting into effect legal proceedings, court orders
and notices.
- They are indispensable and are often encountered in
the practice of law enforcement.
IMPORTANCE OF LEGAL FORMS
• To avoid disagreement common to parties of a verbal
agreement;
• To have clear guide and evidence of the terms that both
parties agreed upon;
• That law requires that a contract be in some form in order
that it may be valid or enforceable, or that a contract be
proved in a certain way, that requirement is absolute and
indispensable;
• Judicial proceedings make use of forms as documentary
requirements and evidence for these proceedings,
containing therein legally binding information.
 COVERAGE OF LEGAL FORMS

BUSINESS FORMS
(Purchase order, Application Forms, Partnership Agreement, etc.)
JUDICIAL FORMS
(Affidavits, Petitions, Motions, etc.)
BUSINESS FORMS
The forms used in conveyancing, or of the forms of
deeds, instruments or documents creating,
transferring, modifying or limiting rights to real as
well as personal properties, and other forms related
to business contracts or transactions.

JUDICIAL FORMS
The forms which pertain to, different kinds of
pleadings, applications, petitions, affidavits, motions
and the like.
WHAT IS A CONTRACT?

CONTRACT is a meeting of minds between two

persons whereby one bind himself, with respect to the
other, to give something or to render some service.
 ELEMENTS OF A VALID CONTRACT

[Link]
[Link]/SUBJECT MATTER
[Link] OR CONSIDERATION
 [Link]

Is manifested by the meeting of the offer and the

acceptance upon the thing and the cause which
are to constitute the contract.
PERSONS WHO CANNOT GIVE CONSENT

[Link] MINORS;
[Link] OR DEMENTED PERSONS, AND DEAF –
MUTES WHO DO NOT KNOW HOW TO WRITE
2. OBJECT/SUBJECT MATTER

-All things which are not outside the commerce of

men, including future things;
-All services which are not contrary to law, morals,
good customs, public order or public policy.
3. CAUSE OR CONSIDERATION

-Cause or Consideration is the essential reason

which moves the parties to enter into a
contract.
-The “why of the contract”
NOTARIZATION
Notarization or Notarial act refers to any act that a
notary public is empowered to perform (Rules on
Notarial Practice of 2004).

NOTARY
is a public official whose duty is to attest the
genuineness of any deed or writing in order to
render them available as evidence of the facts that
it contains.
 POWERS OF NOTARY PUBLIC
(Rule IV, Section 1 of the Rules on Notarial Practice of
2004)

• Acknowledgments
• Oaths and affirmations
• Jurats
• Signature witnessing
• Copy certifications; and
• Any other act authorized by the Rules on Notarial
Practice of 2004
PROBATIVE VALUE OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
-The effect of the notarization of a private document is to
convert the said document into a public one and render it
admissible in evidence in court without further proof of its
authenticity and due execution.

JURAT
-Is that part of an affidavit in which the officer certifies that
the instrument was sworn to before him (Suarez, 2019).
-Used in affidavits, certifications, verifications or whenever
the persons executing a document or instrument makes a
statement of facts or attests to the truth of an occurrence
of an event under oath.
AFFIDAVIT
An affidavit is a voluntary sworn declaration of
written facts. It is sworn before a notary or other
officers entitled to administer an oath or take
acknowledgment

AFFIANT
The person making the sworn statement, asserting
that the information is true and that they have
personal knowledge of the facts contained in the
affidavit
EXECUTING AN AFFIDAVIT
-In executing an affidavit, the affiant’s primary
qualification is that he has knowledge of the facts
which he states, and the truth of which he affirms

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
-An affidavit is a legal document that is very similar to
a witness’s sworn testimony in a court of law. Prior to
giving testimony, a witness in a trial must swear that
what they are about to say is true and correct under
penalty of perjury.
-An affidavit carries the same penalty of perjury, only
 PARTS OF AN AFFIDAVIT

[Link]
[Link]
[Link] OF THE AFFIANT AND THE
[Link]
VENUE
The place where the affidavit was taken. This will
show whatever the official administering the oath
of affirmation has acted within this jurisdiction.

BODY
The facts stated in the body of an affidavit must
be stated positively, and not merely a matter of
belief, by one who has actual knowledge of the
fact and its allegations should be full, certain and
exact.
SIGNATURE OF THE AFFIANT AND THE JURAT
The proper place of the signature is below the body of
the affidavit. Jurat is that part of an affidavit in which
the officer certifies that the instrument was sworn to
before him.

SCILICET/SUBSCIPSI (SS)
Is used to particularize a general statement. “SS”
literally means “more particularly”.
Example: Republic of the Philippines, SS, City of Pasig
means; in the Republic of the Philippines, more
particularly in the City of Pasig
 COMMON EXAMPLES OF AFFIDAVIT

[Link] OF LOSS
[Link] OF BIRTH
[Link] OF DEATH
[Link] OF GOOD FAITH
AFFIDAVIT OF LOSS
Is a document declaring the loss of a security usually
through theft or destruction. The affidavit contains all
the details regarding the loss, such as the owner’s name
and any information pertaining to the security.

AFFIDAVIT OF BIRTH
Is a legal document that can be used to verify the facts
surrounding an individual’s birth, including birth date,
location, and the name of each parent.
AFFIDAVIT OF DEATH
Is a sworn legal document used to attest that a person
is dead. Affidavit of Death forms can only be written and
signed by someone who has first – hand knowledge of
the person’s death and is typically accompanied by a
certified copy of a death certificate.

AFFIDAVIT OF GOOD FAITH

Is an affidavit filed to show that good faith efforts have
been made to do something. Law requires the filing of
these types of documents in varied situations. Also a
part of the chattel mortgage contract.
JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT
Is a written, out – of – court statement taken before a
notary public or any person authorized to administer an
oath, is in a question and answer form (Section 8, Rule 2,
A.M. No. 01-2-04-SC) and serves as witness’ direct
testimonies, subject to cross – examination in accordance
with existing rules on evidence.

AFFIDAVIT OF DESISTANCE
Is a written statement under oath by the complainant
stating that he/she is no longer interested in pursuing the
complaint or criminal case against another person.
REPLY/ANSWER AFFIDAVIT
-Can be defined as an affidavit served in court proceedings in
which a deponent responds to another party’s evidence
where that party’s evidence was itself in response to
evidence served by the party serving the reply affidavit.
- The purpose of an affidavit in reply is simply to rebut or
answer matters raised for the first time in the affidavits to
which the replies are made.

COUNTER - AFFIDAVIT
-Is an affidavit filed by the respondent in reply to a petition.
-An affidavit responding to and contradicting the affidavit
produced by an adversary. It is an affidavit made in
opposition to one already made.
REJOINDER AFFIDAVIT
-Is the response by the petitioner to the counter affidavit
filed by the respondent. It may include response to the new
facts raised through the affidavit filed by the respondent.

AFFIDAVIT OF ARREST
-Is generally filled out by the arresting officer and states
the facts and circumstances surrounding an arrest.
-The affidavit may state such facts as the information which
led to the arrest and the observations made before and
after the arrest occurred.
-It is a statement given under oath and penalty of perjury.
It may also be referred to as an ARREST REPORT.
COMPLAINT AFFIDAVIT
COMPLAINT
- is a concise statement of the ultimate facts
constituting the plaintiff’s cause or causes of
action.

COMPLAINT AFFIDAVIT
- is a sworn statement prepared by someone who
wishes to file a legal complaint.
- It becomes the basis of the case, providing basic
information about the facts of the matter and
outlining the nature of the case.
AFFIDAVIT OF WITNESS
A witness is a person with personal knowledge of the
situation or incident. In court cases, witness can help
parties prove elements of their cases through live
testimony, deposition testimony or affidavits.

APPLICATION FOR SEARCH WARRANT

A search warrant is an order in writing issued in the
name of the People of the Philippines, signed by the
judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him
to search for personal property described therein and
bring it before the court.
APPLICATION FOR SW SHALL INCLUDE (Revised
PNP Operational Procedure, 2021):
Office applying for the Search Warrant;
• Name of the officer-applicant;
• Name of the subject, if known;
• Exact address/place(s) to be searched;
• Sketch and picture, if available, of the place
to be searched;

The availability or unavailability of BWCs to be used in the

execution of the warrant. In case of unavailability, request for
DEPOSITION OF WITNESS
-Is a witness’s sworn out – of – court testimony.
It is used to gather information as part of the
discovery process and, in limited
circumstances, may be used at trial.
-A deposition is an opportunity for parties in a civil
lawsuit to obtain testimony from a witness under
oath prior to trial. It's part of the discovery process
by which parties gather facts and information so
they can be better prepared at trial to present their
claims and defenses
 TECHNICAL ENGLISH 2:
INVESTIGATIVE WRITING
INVESTIGATIVE REPORT WRITING

-It is the process of drafting/creating a written

account of findings of investigation. It may
highlight on updates and or recently
discovered facts, data, evidence recovered,
result of forensic examination which would
shed further light into case.
-Process of writing an investigation report in a
factual and objective manner
HOW DO YOU DEFINE POLICE REPORT?

[Link] REPORT is any written matter prepared

by the Police involving their interaction with the
community;
[Link] REPORT is an exact narration of facts
discovered during the course of crime
investigation which serves as a permanent
written record for future reference.
[Link] REPORT is a permanent written record of
police activities classified as informal and formal
WHAT IS A POLICE REPORT?

-According to Dr. Oscar Soriano, report is

basically a story of actions performed by
man.
-A police report is a chronological or step – by
– step account of an accident that transpired
in a given time, at a given place.
-It is also defined as an account of an
investigation, of an official statement of
IMPORTANT USES OF REPORT WRITING

[Link] serve as records of police

administration in planning, directing, and
organizing the unit’s duties;
[Link] can be used as legal documents in
the prosecution of criminals;
[Link] are utilized by other agencies;
[Link] be useful to tri – media for public
information purposes;
[Link] can be utilized for research
CRITERIA TO BE CONSIDERED IN REPORT
WRITING

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
CLARITY
-The police report must be clear and written directly and easy to
understand.

ACCURACY
-The police report must conform with the established rules of
format, spelling and grammar.

BREVITY
-The police report must be short, with simple sentences, common
words, and easy to understand.

SPECIFICITY
-The police report must be specific by using concrete examples. A
good descriptive narration gives life to the written words through
COMPLETENESS
-The police report must be complete by using the 5W’s and 1H.

TIMELINESS
-The police report must be submitted on time. As much as possible
immediately after the incident has happened.

SECURITY
-The police report must be considered classified, hence,
transmission, handling and access to these reports should be
limited only to police personnel who are granted by higher authority
security clearance. It is a top secret document.

IMPARTIALITY
-The police report must know what the receiving office needs to
know. Important data must not be omitted or added to conceal
TYPES OF POLICE REPORT
[Link] REPORT –used in day – by – day police
operations.
[Link] REPORT – suggests a full – dress treatment,
including cover, title page, letter of transmittal, etc.

TYPES OF FORMAL REPORT

[Link] REPORT
[Link] REPORT
[Link] REPORT
[Link] REPORT
INCIDENT REPORT
-A written account of an event or occurrence. The purpose of this report
is to document the exact details of occurrences as basis for further
actions of concerned public safety officers.

INITIAL REPORT
-Advanced information on a new or fresh case assigned to an
investigator, submitted immediately after the conduct of an
investigation.

PROGRESS REPORT
-The result of a follow – up investigation of a fresh or new case. It is
submitted every time or whenever any development or progress is
accomplished in the case. This can be submitted more than once.

FINAL REPORT
-This is written and submitted whenever the case is solved and
PROGRESS REPORT
-The result of a follow – up investigation of a fresh or new case. It is
submitted every time or whenever any development or progress is
accomplished in the case. This can be submitted more than once.

FINAL REPORT
-This is written and submitted whenever the case is solved and
classified as closed.

CASE SOLVED
-When the offender has been identified and there is sufficient
evidence to charge him, the offender has been taken into custody,
and the offender has been charged before the prosecutor’s office or
when some elements beyond police officers control prevent the
arrest of the offender.
-A case is considered "solved" if the culprit was arrested and
 CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE REPORT

[Link] report
[Link] – finding report
[Link] report
[Link] – determining report
[Link] solution report
PERFORMANCE REPORT
Contains information as to status of an
activity, activities or operations.

FACT- FINDING REPORT

Involves the gathering and presentation of
data in logical order, without attempt to draw
conclusions.
TECHNICAL REPORT
• Presents data on a specialized subject.
• PROBLEM DETERMINING REPORT
• Attempts to find the causes underlying a
problem or to find whether or not problem
really exists.

PROBLEM SOLUTION REPORT

• Analyzes the thought process that lies
behind the solution of a particular
CATEGORIES OF POLICE REPORT
[Link] REPORTS – include those relating to the
reporting of police incidents, investigation, arrests,
identification of persons, and a mass miscellaneous reports
necessary to the conduct of routine police operations.
2. INTERNAL BUSINESS REPORT – a reporting necessary to
the management of the agency and include financial reports,
personal reports, purchase reports, equipment reports,
property maintenance reports, and general correspondence.
3. TECHNICAL REPORTS – present data on any specialized
subject, usually relating to completed staff work and add to
the specific knowledge necessary to proper functioning of
police management.
4. SUMMARY REPORTS – furnish intelligence information
FREAK CRIME
This incident occurs when all the three elements
of the crime are present and merged at the same
time and at the same place; but the victim is not
the intended one.

What is POLICE VISIBILITY?

[Link] PRESENCE;
[Link] PATROLLING SCHEME; and
[Link] – proper, adequate and timely
(ideal: 5 minutes)
POLICE REPORT
BASIC OR INFORMAL REPORT
Deals with the ordinary miscellaneous, day to day
memorandum, letter or form accomplished by any
member of the unit, section, precinct/station or
department in accordance with the prescribed general
orders, special order, circulars, numbered
memoranda.

CONTENTS OF A BASIC OR INFORMAL REPORT

[Link] heading of the letter head of the organization;
[Link] date of preparation or submission;
[Link] person/office to whom it is addressed or
submitted; and
CLASSIFICATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT REPORT
[Link] REPORTS
[Link] REPORTS

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS
Deal with the routine functioning of the department or
agency.
Covers:
• Proper uniform
• Reporting procedures
• Grievances

OPERATIONAL REPORTS
FOUR (4) TYPES OF OPERATIONAL REPORTS
[Link] SERVICE REPORTS
[Link] REPORTS
[Link] INVESTIGATION REPORTS
[Link] PROGRESS
REPORTS/FOLLOW UP REPORTS
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION REPORTS
FOUR (4) TYPES OF OPERATIONAL REPORTS
[Link] SERVICE REPORTS
[Link] REPORTS
[Link] INVESTIGATION REPORTS
[Link] PROGRESS
REPORTS/FOLLOW UP REPORTS
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION REPORTS
-Provide facts to competent authorities and serve as a record
of investigative activity.
Criminal Investigation Units are essentially responsible for
collecting facts and preparing reports.
Factual informations are collected and reported on time to
allow immediate appropriate action.

CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF A GOOD REPORT WRITING

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] AND STYLE
TYPES OF REPORTS TO BE PREPARED
[Link] OR PRELIMINARY REPORTS
[Link] REPORTS
[Link] INVESTIGATION REPORTS

INITIAL OR PRELIMINARY REPORT

ü This is done as soon as the complaint is received.
ü Reporting process begins when an officer completes
preliminary investigation report referred to as case
report.

CASE REPORT = refers to the initial detailed listing of the

facts of the case.
Initial or Preliminary Report Contains:
[Link] offense
[Link] date/time
[Link] and time of offense if known
[Link] pertaining to the victim and other
reporting party
[Link] of the offense
[Link] of Operation
[Link] date pertaining to suspect(s)
[Link] of Officer(s)
PROGRESS REPORT
Describes progress of the investigation from time
to time and ensures constant follow – ups.

TERMINATION OF THE INVESTIGATION MAY DONE

DUE TO:
[Link] of leads, hence case is suspended;
[Link] further developments and gathering of
evidence;
[Link] – perpetrator(s) arrested and case filed
in the proper court of justice.
FINAL INVESTIGATION REPORT
Is rendered when case is completed, that is when the
complainant, the witness, and sufficiency of evidence
and perpetrators are identified so as to warrant the
filing of a case and/or termination of investigation
due to circumstances listed above.
THANKYOU!