Department of Pathology &
Microbiology
Platelet –
Thrombocytes –
megakaryocytes
Presented by :
Kamal
2nd year BHMS
GHMCH - TMM
• Platelets are non-nucleated round or oval,
biconvex discs having various sizes and
coffered by unit membrane.
Definition • The average size is 2.5 µm. But bigger forms
(4-5µm) are also seen.
• View under Electron Microscope.
Platelets membrane, salient features
are:- (i) Identical structure with
cell membrane, thickness (6nm)
(ii)Shows extensive invagination with a
complicated canalicular system in contact
with the ECF.
(iii) The main lipids in the lipoprotein layer of the
cell membrane: Phospholipids, cholesterol and
glycolipids.
(iv)It contain: Thromboxane A₂, Prostaglandins, -
leukotrienes and platelet factor 3 and 4
Normal count is 1.5 to 4 lacs/ML.
The circulating platelets represent approx. 60-75% of the plateled
pool of the body.
NORMAL The remaining are mostly in the spleen
VALUE & Life span 8-12 days
Morphology:Physical & chemical characteristics of Platelets.
LIFE SPAN Physical:Diameter = 1-4 μm
Normal concentration of platelets in. Hood =
1,50,000-3,00,000/microL.
Half life = 8-12 days
Chemical Another contractile protein (Thrombasthenin) causing Platelets to
contract
Residuals of both ER and GA synthesize various. Enzymes which
store large quantities of cations.
Mitochondria & enzyme systems are capable of forming ATP & ADP
Enzymes systems that synthesize Prastaglandine Clocall hormone
cause many vascular & other Local tissue reactions.
Haemostasis:
Functions of spontaneous arrest of bleeding by
platelets physidagical process
(i) Platelet adhesion
(ii) Platelet activation
(iii) platelet aggregation
Blood coagulation
Clot Retraction
Phagocytic function (carbon particles &
immune comples)
storage and transport function (5-HT and
Histamine)
Activators Inhibitors
Activators
and Collagen Nitric oxide (NO)
Clotting factors: II,
Inhibitors of Von Willebrand factor IX, X, XI
Platelets Thromboxane A2 Prostag
Prostacydin
Platelet Activating 1. Nucleotides.
factor
1. Thrombin
2. ADP
3. Ca++ ion
4. D-Selective
5. Convulxin
• They are formed in the bone marrow from
megakaryocyte megakaryocytomaichager which
is Large multinucleated cell.
• one megakaryocyte produce 2000-4000 Platelet
Developme
nt of
platelets
Clotting
mechanism
1. Intrinsic
2. Extrinsic
1. Marrow depression and Thrombocytopenia
* Anticancer chemothergy frequently causes bone
marrow depression
*In BM depression count of RBC, WBC; platelets 10 all fall
but Thrombocytopenia is usually earlient to appear becauses BM
reserve of Tarombocytes is small
2. Thromboembolic conditions.
Applied # Thrombi: An Abnormal clot that develops in a blood vessel . Is
called a Thrombus.
physiology # Emboli: once a clot has developed., continued flow of blood
past the clot is likely to break it away from Its attachment and
cause the clot to flow with the Woods such freely flowing clots
are known as emboli
causes of TE conditions.
(i) Arteriosclerosis
(ii) Infection
(iii) Trauma
3. Thrombocytopenia: ⬇️no. Of platelets in circulation
→Tendency to bleed from small capillaries
Continuatio Causes:
* viral infection (dengue fever)
n... * BM depression
* Drug (Reactions)
* Hypersplenism
4. Thrombocytopenic purpura
→ characterised by formation of purplish spots. Beneath the skin
dhe to spontaneous bleeding
BT ⬆️, CT- N /Normal
→ Manifestation of disease is seen when the count is < 50,000
lac/mm3
5. Thrombastrenic purpura:
A condition with normal platelet count but circulating platelets
are abnormal.
6. Hemophilia:
→due to deficiency of factor viii
→sex-linked hereditary disease which occurs exclusively in males.
Females are carriers
→CT⬆️, BT-N/Normal
→Absence of factor IX – Hemophilia minor or Christmas disease.
Continuatio [Link] – K deficiency:
n... →Necessary for Formation of clotting factors.
→Absence of vit-k→ defective clotting
→ Diseases of liver such as Hepatitis R. Cirrhosts can cause
impaired absorption of vit k leading to ⬇️production of cloting
factors.
[Link]: Absence of Fibrinogen
→ can occur due to genetic defect, liver diseases, prostatic cancer.
Thank you