Chapter Four
Characteristic and Performance Of Power
Transmission Lines
Outline
Introduction
Short Transmission Line
Medium Transmission line
Long Transmission line
General Network Constants
Introduction
This chapter deals with characteristics and performance analysis of
transmission lines under normal operating conditions.
The important considerations on designing and performance analysis of
transmission line depends on determination of:
Voltage drop
Line loss
Line efficiency
Voltage regulation
Transmission line loss
Voltage drop on transmission line: is the difference between sending end
voltage and receiving end voltage.
Transmission line loss: depends on the line resistance.
Voltage regulation (V.R)
A current carrying transmission line obviously has a voltage drop
in the line due to impedance (R & L) of the line. (I.Z)
As a result receiving end voltage is different from sending end
voltage.
Voltage Regulation (V.R): is the difference in voltage at receiving
of a transmission line between no-load and full load conditions.
Transmission line efficiency
Transmission line Efficiency (): is the ratio of receiving end
power to sending end power of transmission line.
It can be expressed as:
The performance of Transmission lines are greatly influenced by R, L,C G.
The parameters are represented by a "per-phase" basis
Usually, the three-phase voltage and currents are reduced to an equivalent
single-phase system.
Classifications of Overhead Transmission line
Depending on their distances and voltage level, Transmission lines are classified
as:
Short Transmission line (up to 80km)
Medium Transmission line (80km – 240km)
Long Transmission line (beyond 240km)
Short Transmission line
less than 80km (50mile) long and operating voltage of less than 20kv.
The capacitance effect are extremely small &neglected.
performance of S.T.L depends on resistance and inductance of the line.
Though in actual line the resistance and inductance are distributed along the
line,
The total line resistance and inductances are assumed to be lumped at one
place in short and medium line modeling's.
Hence, the equivalent circuit of short transmission line is a series
circuit consists of per unit Resistance (R) and inductance (L).
Two port network
A transmission line on a per phase basis can be represented as a two-port
network,
the sending end voltage Vs and current, Is are related to the receiving-end
voltage Vr and current Ir through ABCD constants as:
ABCD Parameters (Constants)
As a two port network, transmission lines are represented by
ABCD parameters.
Hence the above VS = VR + ZIR & IS = IR short transmission
lines equations should has to be expressed in standard format
as:
Where, A = D =1, B =Z & C= 0
Performance analysis of short Transmission line
For lagging pf:
An increase in a PF, will slightly increases the load and the
received voltage decreases. as a result, current lags the voltage
Vs = VR + jXLI
for Unity pf
for unity pf VR and VS are equal in
magnitude
Current and voltage are in phase
for Leading pf
Finally, an increase in a load with
leading PF increases the received
(terminal) voltage of the transmission
line.
Now consider a lagging pf:
Power sent =
Power delivered = Line loss =
Power factor =
Voltage Regulation =
Efficiency =
Medium Transmission line
80km to 240km (50 -150 mile) and line voltages between 20kv to 100kv
Here the capacitance effect are considered.
The capacitances, inductances and resistances are distributed along the line, it is
assumed to be at one/two points.
There are two ways of modeling Medium Transmission lines:
Nominal T – modeling
Nominal p- modeling
Nominal T- modeling
Capacitors are assumed to be concentrated to the center of the line
Resistance and inductance are concentrated to both endings.
Finally, the ABCD parameter of T–modeled Medium transmission line is:
Nominal - modeling of transmission line
Impedance is assumed to be lumped at the center
Capacitance are lumped at the two ending points.
Generally, the ABCD parameter of –modeled Medium transmission line is:
Reading assignment
Long distance transmission line modeling
Exercise 1:
A 345 kV three phase line is 130 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.036Ω
per km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH per km. The shunt capacitance
is 0.0112 μF per km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power factor
lagging at 325 kV. Use the medium line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation.
A 220 kV, three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase
is 0.15Ω per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH. The shunt
capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to find the voltage and
power at the sending end and the voltage regulation and efficiency when the
line is supplying three phase load of:
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 kV