Technological University of the Philippines- Manila
College of Liberal Arts- Social Science Department
Second Semester, SY 2024-2025
GEC 3- CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
Chapter 1:
Introduction to
Globalization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Define the phenomenon of globalization
2. Analyze the competing conceptions of
globalization
3. Explain the positive and negative effects of
globalization according to the various
perspective of experts and communities
affected by it.
4. Construct a definition of globalization using a
concept map.
WORDS TO GO BY
Social movement- people and organizations
advocating for positive change through a variety
of means and approaches.
Free trade- exchange of goods or products
between nations without tariff or taxes.
Deregulation- loosening or lifting of government
regulations, usually to favor private corporations’
flexibility of operations and profitability [free
markets]
Liberalization- process or policy of removal or
reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free
trade between nations
GLOBALIZATION
the word used to describe the
growing interdependence of
the world’s economies,
cultures, and populations,
brought about by cross-
border trade in goods,
services, technology,
flows of investment,
people, and information.
Through political and
economic partnership.
October 30, 1947 - modern globalization
jumpstarted by 23 nations that signed the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
after the WWI and WW2
The 23 founding members were: Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Burma, Canada, Ceylon, Chile, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia,
France, India, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia, Syria, South
Africa, United Kingdom and the United States.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)| [now
also known WTO or GATT-WTO]
- primarily aims to regulate international trade.
- global international organization that deals with trade
between nations.
- Help producers, exporters, importers conduct their
business.
COMPETING
CONCEPTIONS
OF
GLOBALIZATION
MANFRED STEGER
Globalization is a
contested concept
used to describe a
process, a condition,
a system, a force
and an age.
United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD)
-Globalization is the
closer integration of
national economies through
trade and financial flows as
well as cross- border
migration of people.
(market integration)
- Thru imports and exports
and FDI (cons:low corporate
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
“four freedoms”
1. free movement of goods or products- abolition of
taxes on
imported products
2. free movement of services
3. free movement of capital or investment-
deregulating or
lifting of strict banking (financial institutions)
4. free movement of persons- abolishing visa
Thomas
Friedman
“The Lexus and the Olive Tree”
“Globalization is not static,
but a dynamic ongoing
process”.
Globalization
involves:
- inexorable integration of
markets,
nation-states and technologies to a
degree never witnessed before
- globalization is shrinking our
country into a small world.
19th Century (1914)
British Empire/ 1st wave of globalization/ First
Industrial Revolution
-innovations of steam engine, industrial
weaving machine and more
Globalization is the process by
which the world is becoming
BENEDICT increasingly interconnected as a
ANDERSON result of massively increased
trade and cultural exchange
He explained the “early
globalization began in the last two which has increased the
decades of the 19th century
involves: production of goods and services.
inventions of the telegraphs/
inauguration of Universal
Postal Union
Invention and wide use of
steamship
latticework of railways/ trains
PHILOSOPIES AND IDEOLOGIES OF/ON AGAINST
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization’s backers, supporters, and ideologues
Six Core Claims:
[Link] is about the liberalization and
global integration of markets.
[Link] is inevitable and irreversible.
[Link] is in charge of globalization.
[Link] benefits everyone (… in the
long run).
[Link] furthers the spread of
democracy in the world.
[Link] requires war on terror.
CRITICS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Anti-globalization side- wants an end
to what it considers as a highly
imbalanced system of globalization that
favors the First World over Third World,
corporations over citizens and
communities, and profit seeking over
environmental sustainability.
• Alter-globalization – favors the current
system of globalization to make it more
humane, more pro-environment, and more
grassroots-driven rather than staying as a
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS
Multiculturalism and Linguistic hegemony
multilingualism of English
Free trade Cultural
Cultural and education homogenization
exchanges Third World
Migration dependence on the
First World
Global cooperation
Global income and
wealth inequality
Tax injustice
Racism and anti-
migrant sentiment
POSITIVE
ASPECTS
Multiculturalism and
Multilingualism Free exchange of
goods and services need swifter
communication, hence the need to learn as
many languages as possible.
Free trade
Reduces cost on selling products almost worldwide
provided huge profits for a number of big
transnational corporations, and resulted in cheaper
prices of some consumer goods such as cellphones
and computers.
Educational exchanges
The rise of multilingualism inevitably leads to the study
of diverse cultures and eventually, more educational
exchanges.
Examples:
-EU’s Erasmus Mundus Program between universities
in all continent- EU funded scholarships for the third
world country students and EU students.
- India- Japan Academic Partnership
- Asian Initative
- Consortia
- International Research Forum/ Seminars
Migration
- Citizens can freely visit and work in any country.
- Third World migrants can relatively easily find jobs in
and eventually migrate to more developed countries.
Reasons for migration
Socio- political factors
Economic factors
Environmental factors
Global cooperation
Globalization’s rules and mechanisms are created
and governed by global entities such as WTO-
where almost countries are represented,
encourage global cooperation on many issues
ranging from climate change to poverty
eradication
NEGATIVE
ASPECTS
Linguistic hegemony of English
Globalization compels other countries to use
English language, even prioritizing it over their
own national languages.
Cultural homogenization
As people travel and immerse themselves to other cultures and with trend in
the internet, we learn to adapt, practice and even love each others’ cultures
Third World dependence on the
First World
Despite globalization’s obvious contribution to the
successful leap of some countries from Third to First
World status, more Third World countries still
complain that the current setup favors developed
countries more.
Global income and wealth
inequality
As only the biggest corporations seem to benefit
from stiff competition and unbridled free trade.
Tax injustice
Under globalization, countries compete for foreign
investments and are forced to lower corporate
taxes.
Racism and anti-migrant
sentiment
As corporations in many First World countries hire
more migrants to save on wages, First World working-
class citizens complain about being left behind in
their own countries, hence partly fueling the rise of
racism and anti-migrant sentiment.
Russia
North Europe
America
Asia
Africa
South
America
Australia
New
Zealand
Primary Source:
San Juan, David Michael M. Journeys Through Our
Contemporary World.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc., 2018.
Electronic Sources:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
ization-by-manfred-steger/
[Link]
[Link]
o-the-history-of-globalization/
[Link]
[Link]
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Learning Task 2: Concept Map of
Globalization
1. Create a concept map of globalization
highlighting key words/ illustrations that
you think comprise the totality of
globalization.
2. Include citations of your references.
3. Save your work in PDF format using this
file name: LT2_Surname.
3. TURN IN your work in the Assignment