Data Mining
Concepts and Techniques
Dr. Mohamad Shady Ahmad Alrahhal
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Data Mining
Concepts and Techniques
(3rd ed.)
— Chapter 4 —
Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign &
Simon Fraser University
©2013 Han, Kamber & Pei. All rights reserved.
Dr. Mohamad Shady Ahmad Alrahhal
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Chapter 4: Data Warehousing and On-line
Analytical Processing
Data Warehouse: Basic Concepts
Data Warehouse Modeling: Data Cube and OLAP
Data Warehouse Design and Usage
Data Warehouse Implementation
Summary
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What is a Data Warehouse?
Defined in many different ways, but not rigorously بصرامة.
A decision support database that is maintained
separately from the organization’s operational database
Support information processing by providing a solid
platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis.
“A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-
variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of
management’s decision-making process.”—W. H. Inmon
Data warehousing:
The process of constructing and using data warehouses
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Data Warehouse—Subject-Oriented
Organized around major subjects, such as
customer, product, sales
Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for
decision makers, not on daily operations or
transaction processing
Provide a simple and concise view around
particular subject issues by excluding data that
are not useful in the decision support process
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Data Warehouse—Integrated
Constructed by integrating multiple,
heterogeneous data sources
relational databases, flat files, on-line
transaction records
Data cleaning and data integration techniques
are applied.
Ensure consistency in naming conventions,
encoding structures, attribute measures, etc.
among different data sources
E.g., Hotel price: currency, tax, breakfast covered,
etc.
When data is moved to the warehouse, it is
converted.
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Data Warehouse—Time Variant
The time horizon for the data warehouse is
significantly longer than that of operational systems
Operational database: current value data
Data warehouse data: provide information from a
historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)
Every key structure in the data warehouse
Contains an element of time, explicitly or
implicitly
But the key of operational data may or may not
contain “time element”
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Data Warehouse—Nonvolatile
A physically separate store of data transformed
from the operational environment
Operational update of data does not occur in the
data warehouse environment
Does not require transaction processing,
recovery, and concurrency control mechanisms
Requires only two operations in data
accessing:
initial loading of data and access of data
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OLTP vs. OLAP
OLTP OLAP
users clerk, IT professional knowledge worker
function day to day operations decision support
DB design application-oriented subject-oriented
data current, up-to-date historical,
detailed, flat relational summarized, multidimensional
isolated integrated, consolidated
usage repetitive ad-hoc
access read/write lots of scans
index/hash on prim. key
unit of work short, simple transaction complex query
# records accessed tens millions
#users thousands hundreds
DB size 100MB-GB 100GB-TB
metric transaction throughput query throughput, response
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Data Warehouse: A Multi-Tiered Architecture
Monitor
Metadata & OLAP Server
Other
sources Integrator
Analysis
Operational Extract Query
DBs Transform Data Serve Reports
Load
Refresh
Warehouse Data mining
Data Marts
Data Sources Data Storage OLAP Engine Front-End Tools
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Extraction, Transformation, and Loading
(ETL)
Data extraction
get data from multiple, heterogeneous, and external
sources
Data cleaning
detect errors in the data and rectify them when
possible
Data transformation
convert data from legacy or host format to
warehouse format
Load
sort, summarize, consolidate, compute views, check
integrity, and build indicies and partitions
Refresh
propagate the updates from the data sources to the
warehouse
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Metadata Repository
Meta data is the data defining warehouse objects. It stores:
Description of the structure of the data warehouse
schema, view, dimensions, hierarchies, derived data defn, data
mart locations and contents
Operational meta-data
data lineage (history of migrated data and transformation path),
currency of data (active, archived, or purged), monitoring
information (warehouse usage statistics, error reports, audit
trails)
The algorithms used for summarization
The mapping from operational environment to the data warehouse
Data related to system performance
warehouse schema, view and derived data definitions
Business data
business terms and definitions, ownership of data, charging
policies
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Chapter 4: Data Warehousing and On-line
Analytical Processing
Data Warehouse: Basic Concepts
Data Warehouse Modeling: Data Cube and OLAP
Data Warehouse Design and Usage
Data Warehouse Implementation
Summary
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From Tables and Spreadsheets to
Data Cubes
A data warehouse is based on a multidimensional data
model which views data in the form of a data cube
A data cube, such as sales, allows data to be modeled and
viewed in multiple dimensions
Dimension tables, such as item (item_name, brand,
type), or time(day, week, month, quarter, year)
Fact table contains measures (such as dollars_sold)
and keys to each of the related dimension tables
In data warehousing literature, an n-D base cube is called a
base cuboid. The top most 0-D cuboid, which holds the
highest-level of summarization, is called the apex cuboid.
The lattice of cuboids forms a data cube.
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Cube: A Lattice of Cuboids
all
0-D (apex) cuboid
time item location supplier
1-D cuboids
time,location item,location location,supplier
time,item 2-D cuboids
time,supplier item,supplier
time,location,supplier
3-D cuboids
time,item,location
time,item,supplier item,location,supplier
4-D (base) cuboid
time, item, location, supplier
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Conceptual Modeling of Data
Warehouses
Modeling data warehouses: dimensions & measures
Star schema: A fact table in the middle connected
to a set of dimension tables
Snowflake schema: A refinement of star schema
where some dimensional hierarchy is normalized
into a set of smaller dimension tables, forming a
shape similar to snowflake
Fact constellations: Multiple fact tables share
dimension tables, viewed as a collection of stars,
therefore called galaxy schema or fact
constellation
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Example of Star Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name
month brand
quarter time_key type
year supplier_type
item_key
branch_key
branch location
location_key
branch_key location_key
branch_name units_sold street
branch_type city
dollars_sold state_or_province
country
avg_sales
Measures
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Example of Snowflake Schema
time
time_key item
day item_key supplier
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name supplier_key
month brand supplier_type
quarter time_key type
year item_key supplier_key
branch_key
location
branch location_key
location_key
branch_key
units_sold street
branch_name
city_key
branch_type
dollars_sold city
city_key
avg_sales city
state_or_province
Measures country
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Example of Fact
Constellation
time
time_key item Shipping Fact Table
day item_key
day_of_the_week Sales Fact Table item_name time_key
month brand
quarter time_key type item_key
year supplier_type shipper_key
item_key
branch_key from_location
branch location_key location to_location
branch_key location_key dollars_cost
branch_name units_sold
street
branch_type dollars_sold city units_shipped
province_or_state
avg_sales country shipper
Measures shipper_key
shipper_name
location_key
shipper_type 19
A Sample Data Cube
Total annual sales
Date of TVs in U.S.A.
1Qtr 2Qtr 3Qtr 4Qtr sum
ct
TV
du
PC U.S.A
o
Pr
VCR
Country
sum
Canada
Mexico
sum
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Cuboids Corresponding to the Cube
all
0-D (apex) cuboid
product date country
1-D cuboids
product,date product,country date, country
2-D cuboids
3-D (base) cuboid
product, date, country
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Typical OLAP Operations
Roll up (drill-up): summarize data
by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
from higher level summary to lower level summary or
detailed data, or introducing new dimensions
Slice and dice: project and select
Pivot (rotate):
reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D
planes
Other operations
drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table
drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to
its back-end relational tables (using SQL)
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A Star-Net Query Model
Customer Orders
Shipping Method
Customer
CONTRACTS
AIR-EXPRESS
ORDER
TRUCK
PRODUCT LINE
Time Product
ANNUALY QTRLY DAILY PRODUCT ITEM PRODUCT GROUP
CITY
SALES PERSON
COUNTRY
DISTRICT
REGION
DIVISION
Location Each circle is
called a Promotion Organization
footprint 23
Chapter 4: Data Warehousing and On-line
Analytical Processing
Data Warehouse: Basic Concepts
Data Warehouse Modeling: Data Cube and OLAP
Data Warehouse Design and Usage
Data Warehouse Implementation
Summary
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Chapter 4: Data Warehousing and On-line
Analytical Processing
Data Warehouse: Basic Concepts
Data Warehouse Modeling: Data Cube and OLAP
Data Warehouse Design and Usage
Data Warehouse Implementation
Summary
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Efficient Data Cube
Computation
Data cube can be viewed as a lattice of cuboids
The bottom-most cuboid is the base cuboid
The top-most cuboid (apex) contains only one cell
How many cuboids in an n-dimensional cube with
L levels? n
T ( Li 1)
i 1
Materialization of data cube
Materialize every (cuboid) (full
materialization), none (no materialization), or
some (partial materialization)
Selection of which cuboids to materialize
Based on size, sharing, access frequency, etc.
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Indexing OLAP Data: Bitmap
Index
Index on a particular column
Each value in the column has a bit vector: bit-op is fast
The length of the bit vector: # of records in the base table
The i-th bit is set if the i-th row of the base table has the value for
the indexed column
not suitable for high cardinality domains
A recent bit compression technique, Word-Aligned Hybrid (WAH),
makes it work for high cardinality domain as well [Wu, et al.
TODS’06]
Base table Index on Region Index on Type
Cust Region Type RecID Asia Europe Am erica RecID Retail Dealer
C1 Asia Retail 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
C2 Europe Dealer 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
C3 Asia Dealer 3 1 0 0 3 0 1
C4 America Retail 4 0 0 1 4 1 0
C5 Europe Dealer 5 0 1 0 5 0 1
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Chapter 4: Data Warehousing and On-line
Analytical Processing
Data Warehouse: Basic Concepts
Data Warehouse Modeling: Data Cube and OLAP
Data Warehouse Design and Usage
Data Warehouse Implementation
Summary
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Summary
Data warehousing: A multi-dimensional model of a data
warehouse
A data cube consists of dimensions & measures
Star schema, snowflake schema, fact constellations
OLAP operations: drilling, rolling, slicing, dicing and pivoting
Data Warehouse Architecture, Design, and Usage
Multi-tiered architecture
Business analysis design framework
Information processing, analytical processing, data mining,
OLAM (Online Analytical Mining)
Implementation: Efficient computation of data cubes
Partial vs. full vs. no materialization
Indexing OALP data: Bitmap index and join index
OLAP query processing
OLAP servers: ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP
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