READING RESOURCES
• Data Communications and Networking 6th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
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Classification based on
Interconnectivity
▪ Point-to-Point Topology
▪ Point-to-Point topology contains exactly two nodes such as computer, switch, router or server
connected back to back using a cable.
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Network Devices
▪ Network Interface Card (NIC)
▪ Repeater
▪ Hub
▪ Switch
▪ Bridge
▪ Routerbn,
Network Devices
▪ Network Interface Card (NIC)
▪ It allows a computer to connect to the network
▪ It provides the physical, electrical, and electronic connections
to the network media.
▪ It comes in the form of an expansion card or it is built into the
mother board of a computer
▪ It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data.
▪ It also receives and translates data into bytes for the CPU to
understand
Network Devices
▪ Hub
▪ A hub works at Layer 1
▪ Connects multiple devices so that they are logically all on one LAN
▪ The physical connection point on a network device—a hub, switch, or router
is called an interface or a port.
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▪ A hub has no intelligence. It sends all data received on any port to all the other
▪ ports.
▪ devices connected through a hub receive everything that the other devices send,
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whether or not it was meant for them. This process called broadcasting.
Network Devices
▪ Repeater
▪ A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to
regenerate the signal over the same network before
the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to
extend the length to which the signal can be
transmitted over the same network.
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Network Devices
▪ Switch
▪ It operates at Layer 2
▪ It has some intelligence—it sends data to a port only if the data needs to go there.
▪ A device connected to a switch port does not receive any of the information
addressed to devices on other ports.
Network Devices
▪ Switch
▪ The traffic received by a device connected to a
switch is reduced because only frames
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network-switch
addressed to that specific device are forwarded
to the port that it is connected to
▪ Uses source and destination MAC addresses to
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keep track of devices
Network Devices
▪ Bridge
▪ It connects two similar network segments together.
▪ It keeps traffic separated on both sides of the bridge
▪ We can use a bridge to divide a LAN with 200 people into two groups of 100
people
▪ It can’t connect dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path selection .
Network Devices
▪ Bridge
Network Devices
▪ Router
▪ It is a Layer 3 device(Network layer of the OSI Model)
▪ It has much more intelligence than a hub or switch.
▪ It allows devices on different LANs to communicate with each other and
with distant devices—for example, those connected through the Internet
or through a WAN using an IP address
Network Devices
▪ Router
▪ It block broadcasts (destined for all
networks) and multicasts by default
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▪ It forwards only unicast packets
(destined for a specific device) and
packets of a special type called
directed broadcasts
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Network Devices
▪ Router
▪ It block broadcasts (destined for all
networks) and multicasts by default
[Link]
▪ It forwards only unicast packets
(destined for a specific device) and
packets of a special type called
directed broadcasts
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The Router
Reference Models
Network
Reference
Models
TCP/IP
OSI Model
Model
Protocol Architectures
TCP/IP MODEL
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TCP/IP MODEL
▪ APPLICATION LAYER
▪ Provides applications with standardized data exchange.
▪ Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
▪ TRANSPORT LAYER
▪ Responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across the
network.
▪ Handles communications between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability.
▪ Facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation.
▪ Accepts data from application layer and prepare it for addressing at
network layer. The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
TCP/IP MODEL
▪ NETWORK LAYER
▪ Deals with packets and connects independent networks to transport the packets across network
boundaries.
▪ Responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet.
▪ Transmits data packets to the link layer.
▪ It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal
route.
▪ The network layer protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is
used for error reporting.
TCP/IP MODEL
▪ LINK LAYER
▪ It handles the exchange of data into and out of a physical link in a network.
▪ Data bits are encoded, decoded and organized in the data link layer, before they are transported as
frames between two adjacent nodes on the same LAN or WAN.
▪ The data link protocol is responsible for ensuring that the bits and bytes received are identical to the bits and
bytes sent.
▪ The protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and token Ring.
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP PROTOCOLS
▪ ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) – used to convert an IP address to a MAC
address.
▪ IP (Internet Protocol) – used to deliver packets from the source host to the
destination host based on the IP addresses.
▪ ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – used to detects and reports network
error conditions. Used in ping.
▪ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – a connection-oriented protocol that enables
reliable data transfer between two computers.
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP PROTOCOLS
▪ UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – a connectionless protocol for data transfer. Since
a session is not created before the data transfer, there is no guarantee of data delivery
▪ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – used for file transfers from one host to another.
▪ Telnet (Telecommunications Network) – used to connect and issue commands on a remote computer.
▪ DNS (Domain Name System) – used for host names to the IP address resolution.
▪ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – used to transfer files (text, graphic images,
sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
OSI MODEL
[Link]
Protocol Architectures
QUESTIONS
1. Identify the five components of a data communications system
2. State two advantages and disadvantages of computer networking?
3. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh topology?
4. Mention the three main classifications of computer networks ?
5. State the full meaning of the following abbreviations?
i. LAN
ii. WAN
iii. PAN
iv. MAN
QUESTIONS
6. State one function of each of the following network devices
i. Hub
ii. Switch
iii. Router
iv. Bridge
7. What is the main difference between the TCP/IP and the OSI reference models
8. What do the following abbreviations mean?
v. FTP
vi. UDP
vii. DNS
viii. HTTP
ix. ICMP
x. IP