Introduction to Electrical
Engineering(IEE) (BESCK204B)
Nagaling M Gurav
Assistant Professor, E&EE,
NIE, Mysore.
Syllabus
Syllabus
Text Books
1) D. C. Kulshreshtha “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Revised 1 st
Edition, McGraw Hill, 2013.
2) D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath “Basic Electrical Engineering”,
Tata McGraw Hill, 4th Edition, 2019.
Reference Books :
1. Vincent Del Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals” , Prentice Hall
Publications
2. H Cotton, “Electrical Technology”, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2004.
About the course
Credits: 3
SEE: 50 Marks
CIE: 50 Marks
SEE Hours: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 100
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
1.1 Concept of AC and DC
An Alternating current(AC) can be defined as a current
that changes its magnitude and polarity at regular intervals
of time. It can also be defined as an electrical current that
repeatedly changes or reverses its direction
Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-
directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same
direction.
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
1.2 Introduction to Electrical Power
Electric power system
Generation
Transmissi
on
Distributio
n
MODULE 1: Introduction to Electrical Power
Electric power system
Generation
Transmissi
on
Distributio
n
A. Generation Of Electric Power
Electricity is generated in power stations by converting primary
sources of energy to electricity
Energy resources
Renewable Non-renewable
solar, hydro, wind, biomass, tidal, Coal, Oil , Natural gas,
geothermal, ocean thermal etc. Nuclear fuel etc.
1.2 Generation of Power from Conventional Energy Sources
1. Thermal Power Plant
Boiler
Types of generating stations
1. Thermal Power Plant
2. Hydro Electric Power Plant
Reservoir
Head
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Types of generating stations
2. Hydro Electric Power Plant
3. Nuclear Power Plant
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Types of generating stations
3. Nuclear Power Plant
1.3 Generation of Power from Non-Conventional Energy Sources
1. Wind Energy
Non-Conventional methods for generating energy
2. Solar Energy
Non-Conventional methods for generating energy
3. Biomass Energy
Non-Conventional methods for generating energy
3. Biomass Energy
Non-Conventional methods for generating energy
4. Tidal Energy
Ocean thermal Energy
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Renewable Energy Sources
Advantages of Renewable Energy
1) It is sustainable and will never run out
2) Non-pollutant and non-contributor to global
warming
3) Less maintenance
4) Reduced cost of operation
5) Produces little or no waste products such as
carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants
6) Brings economic benefits to many regional areas
Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
1) It unpredictable and inconsistent
2) Location-specific
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
MODULE 1: Introduction to Electrical Power
Electric power system
Generation
Transmissi
on
Distributio
n
B. Transmission of Electric Power
Power generated (hundreds of MW) is to be transported over a long distance
(hundreds of kilometers) to load centers
The transmission of electric power is carried at high voltages due to the following
reasons:
Reduction in volume of conductor material
Reduction in I2R losses and hence increases the transmission efficiency
Decrease in percentage line drop
However high voltage transmission results in
Increased cost of insulating the conductors
Increased cost of transformers, switchgear and other terminal equipment
Therefore, there is a limit to the higher transmission voltage which can be economically
employed in any case
1.4 Single Line Diagram of Power System
Transmission of Electric Power
Generating Stations
The electrical power is generated in the thermal / hydro / nuclear power station.
The generation of 11 kV is done by alternator.
Primary Transmission
The step-up transmission step-up the generating voltage from 11 kV to 132 kV / 220 kV.
It is transmitted by three phase, three wire supply system.
Secondary Transmission
The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving substation.
The transmission line voltage steps down from 132 kV / 220 kV to 66 kV at the receiving end substation.
The electrical power is transmitted at voltage level of 66 kV to different substation.
Primary Distribution
The secondary transmission line terminates at the substation where the voltage is reduced from 66 kV / 11 kV by step
down transformer.
The 11 kV voltage is transmitted to different area of city by transmission line.
The primary transmission is done through 3 – phase, 3 – wire system which supply power to HT consumers.
Secondary Distribution
The electrical power from primary distribution line is delivered to pole mounted distribution transformer.
The pole mounted delta / star transformer step down the 11 kV to 440 V.
The secondary of transformer star connected with neutral which supplies three phase four wire.
1.5 Definition of Power and Energy
Electrical Power - The rate at which work is done in an
electric circuit is called electrical power. The unit of power
is watts or kilo-watts. 1 kW = 1000 W
Electrical Energy - The total amount of work done in an
electric circuit is called electrical energy. It is the product
of electrical power and time. The unit of electrical energy is
Watt-Hour (Wh) or KiloWatt-hour (kWh)
1 KWh = 1000 Wh. One unit of electrical energy consumed by
an electrical appliance means 1 kWh of electrical energy
consumed.
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
1.5 Concept of power and energy
Electrical power can be denoted as ‘P’.
The electrical power formula is given as,
Power (P) = V*I watts
SI units of electrical power are given as Watts (W) or Joule/Sec (J/s).
Therefore, P = V*I
And V = I*R
Thus P =
Therefore, P =
Electrical Energy:
Then work done by the electrical charge for particular amount of time will be,
We know that,
Therefore, the Electrical Energy formula can be given as follows,
E = VIt joules
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Power factor
Power factor is the ratio of useful power or true
power in kW divided by Apparent power in kVA
So it’s telling us how much value for money we’re
getting for the power we consume
Therefore Power factor is the ratio of active power to
apparent power
The power factor can get values in the range from 0
to 1
Power factor is also defined a cosine of the phase
angle between voltage and current
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
1.6 Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy
Consumption
Tariff
It is the method of charging a consumer for
consuming electric power
It covers the total cost of producing and
supplying electric energy plus a reasonable
cost
The actual tariffs that the customer pay
depends on the consumption of the electricity
The consumer bill varies according to their
requirements
The industrial consumers pay more tariffs
because they use more power for long times
than the domestic consumers Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy Consumption
Objectives of tariff
1. It should include the recovery of cost of producing
electric energy at power station
2. It should include the recovery of capital investment in
transmission & distribution
3. It should include recovery of cost of operation &
maintain of supply of electrical energy such as
metering, billing etc.
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Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy
Consumption
Desirable characteristics
1. Proper return - It should give proper return with a profit.
2. Fairness - It should be fair such that different set of
consumers should receive different tariffs according to their
demand.
3. Simplicity - It should be simple so that ordinary lay man
should understand.
4. Attractive - It should be attractive to large number of
consumers.
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy
Consumption
Types of tariff
1. Simple tariff
2. Flat rate tariff
3. Block rate tariff
4. Power factor tariff
5. Two part tariff
6. Three part tariff
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy
Consumption
Types of tariff
1. Simple tariff:
Fixed rate per unit charge of energy consumed
disadvantage is that it does not discriminate between
different types of consumers
2. Flat rate tariff:
This tariff is dependent on the load type weather light loads or
heavy loads.
The disadvantage is that light loads are expensive.
3. Block rate tariff:
Each block of energy will be charged at specific rates and as
consumers consume more energy charges will reduced
The advantage is that consumer gets incentive to consume more
electricity
4. Power Factor tariff:
Here power factor of the consumer is taken into consideration
If the power factor of the consumer is less, he will be penalized
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy
Consumption
Types of tariff
5. Two part tariff :
It has fixed charges and running charges. The fixed
charges depends upon the maximum demand of the
consumer and running charges on the amount of KWh
consumed.
Total charges=Rs (a*KW + b*KWh)
a - Charges per kW of maximum demand
b - Charges per kWh of energy consumed
The consumer has to pay fixed charges irrespective of the
consumer uses his load or not
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy
Consumption
Types of tariff
6. Three part tariff :
It has fixed charges, semi-fixed and running charges. The
fixed charges depends upon the maximum demand of the
consumer and running charges on the amount of KWh
consumed.
Total charges=Rs (a*KW + b*KWh + c)
a - Charges per kW of maximum demand
b - Charges per kWh of energy consumed
c- Fixed charges made during each billing period. It includes
interest and depreciation on the cost of the secondary distribution
and labor costs of collecting revenues
Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore
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Dept. of E & E, NIE, Mysore