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CHAPTER

1 Thermodynamics I
Fundamental Concepts of
thermodynamics
THIRD SEMESTER

Mechanical Engineering Depp: BUET

Khuzdar

y
 Contact Hours/Week
ME-213 THERMODYNAMICS-I Theory Practical
Credit Hours (2-1) 2 2

Specific Objectives of course:

 To gain basic c onc epts of thermodynamic s and its laws, c onservation of energy and c yc le c oncepts.
 Properties of working fluids

Course Outline:

Basic concepts: the system, c ontrol volume, working substanc e, heat and work, state and properties,
thermodynamic proc ess and c yc le, first law of thermodynamic s, ideal gas laws, equations of state,
thermodynamic temperature sc ale, c oncept of open and c losed c yc les
Properties of pure substances: phase diagram, use of steam tables.
Thermodynamic processes relationship: c onstant volume, c onstant pressure, c onstant temperature, c onstant
enthalpy and general law proc esses, steady state and steady flow proc ess, uniform state and uniform flow
proc esses, steady flow energy equation and steady flow devic es.
Second law of thermodynamics: definitions, applic ations, reversible and irreversible proc esses, C arnot c yc le
and c onc ept of entropy and its applic ation to flow and non-flow proc esses, enthalpy-entropy diagrams of
working fluids, thermodynamic c yc les, efficiencies, and their applic ations, Idealized P-V and T-S diagrams of
c yc les, Rankine c yc le and its applic ation.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. Thermodynamic s, An Engineering Approac h, By Yunus A. C engel,Mic hael A. Boles Mc G raw-Hill

2. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamic s, By M.J . Moran and H.O. Shapiro, J ohn Wiley & Sons
3. Fundamentals of Thermodynamic s, By Sonntang,Borgnakke,Van Wylen J ohn Wiley & Sons
4. Applied Thermodynamic s for Engineering Tec hnologists, By T.D. Eastop and A. Mc C onkey
 THERMODYNAMICS

• Thermodynamics: The science of

energy.
• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• The name thermodynamics stems from
the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis
(power).
• Conservation of energy principle: During
an interaction, energy can change from one
form to another, but the total amount of energy
remains constant.
What is Thermodynamics?
 The science of energy, that
concerned with the ways in
which energy is stored within
a body.
 Energy transformations –
mostly involve heat and work
movements.
 The Fundamental law is the
conservation of energy principle:
energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but can be
transformed only from
another. one to
form
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Thermodynamics
MEC 451 – I
Application Areas of Thermodynamics

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MEC 451 –
• Classical thermodynamics: A
macroscopic approach to the study of
thermodynamics that does not require
a knowledge of the behavior of
individual particles.
• It provides a direct and easy way to the
solution of engineering problems and it
is used in this text.
• Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
behavior of individual particles.
 System, surroundings and
 boundary
System: A quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.

 Surroundings: The mass or region

outside the system

 Boundary: The real or imaginary

surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.
 The boundary of a system can be
fixed or
 movable
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Thermodynamics
MEC 451I –
 FIXED AND MOVEABLE

• The boundary of a system

can be fixed or
movable.
Type of system
(isolated system)

 Isolated system – neither

mass nor energy can cross
the selected boundary

 Example (approximate): coffee in

a closed, well-insulated thermos
bottle

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MEC 451 –
Type of system
(Closed system)

 Closed system – only energy

can cross the selected
boundary

 Examples: a tightly capped cup of

coffee

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MEC 451 –
 Type of system
(Open system)

 Open system – both mass and

energy can cross the selected
boundary

 Example: an open cup of coffee

Compressor,turbine,nozzle,car
radiator,

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Thermodynamics
MEC 451 –
 Properties of a
Any characteristics of a system is called property, some familiar properties
system
are,temperature,pressure,volume,mass.
Properties of a system is a measurable characteristic of a system that is in equilibrium
Properties may be intensive or extensive.

 Intensive – Are independent of the amount of mass of the system

e.g: Temperature, Pressure, and Density,

 Extensive – varies directly with the mass or size of the system e.g:
mass, volume, energy, enthalpy

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MEC 451 –
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, M

Properties of a
system
Specific properties – The ratio of any extensive property of a system to that
of the mass of the system is called an average specific value of that property
(also known as intensives property)

MEC 451 –
 State, Equilibrium and
Process
 State – a set of properties that describes the
conditions of a system. Eg. Mass m,
Temperature T, volume V


Equilibrium
In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces)
within the system.

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MEC 451 –
• Thermal Equilibrium:
The temperature is the same
throughout the entire
system.

• Mechanical equilibrium:
There is no change in
pressure at any point
of the system with
time.
• Phase equilibrium:
• A system which is having two phases and when the mass of
each phase reaches an equilibrium level.
• Chemical equilibrium:

• The chemical composition of a system does not change with

time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.

• Thermodynamic equilibrium - system that maintains thermal,

mechanical, phase and chemical equilibriums.
 PROCESS,[Link]

Process: Any change that a system

undergoes from one equilibrium state
to another.
Path: The series of states through which a
system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one
should specify the initial and final
states, as well as the path it
follows, and the interactions with
the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process:
When a process proceeds in such a manner
that the system remains infinitesimally close to
an equilibrium state at all times
CYCLE
A number of processes in sequence bring back the system to
the original condition

A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of

thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and
work into and out of the system, while varying pressure,
temperature, and other state variables within the system, and
that eventually returns the system to its initial state

Mechanical cycle: one revolution of shaft

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, BUETK

State, Equilibrium and

Process
 Process – change from one
equilibrium state to another.

Process Property held

constant
isobaric pressure
isothermal temperature
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy

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THERMODYNAMICS
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM

State, Equilibrium and

Process
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property
remains constant.

Isobaric process: A process during which the pressure P remains constant.

Pressure is Constant (ΔP = 0)

 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM

State, Equilibrium and

Isochoric (or isometric) process: A process during which the specific volume v
Process
remains constant

Process Property held

constant
Isothermal process: A process during isobaric pressure
which the temperature T remains
constant. isothermal temperature
.
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy
 Types of Thermodynamics Processes
 Cyclic process - when a system in a given initial
state goes through various processes and finally
return to its initial state, the system has undergone
a cyclic process or cycle.

 Reversible process - it is defined as a process

that, once having take place it can be reversed. In
doing so, it leaves no change in the system or
boundary.

 Irreversible process - a process that cannot

return both the system and surrounding to their
original conditions
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MEC 451 –
 Forms of Energy
• Energy:
• Capacity to do work
Forms of Energy:
1. K.E
2. P.E
3. Internal energy
4. MECHANICAL
5. THERMAL
6. ELECTRIC
7. CHEMICAL
Sum of all the energies are term as total
 Types of energy possessed
1) Stored energy 2) transit energy or energy in transition

stored energy : is the energy possessed by the system

within its boundaries the K.E ,P.E and internal energy are
the example of stored energy
Transit energy :is the energy possessed by a system
which is capable of crossing boundaries. The heat, work
are the example of transit energy
 Types of stored energy
Kinetic energy, KE: The energy that a system
possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
reference [Link] body due to its motion

Potential energy: the energy that a system

possesses as a result of its elevation in a
gravitational field

Total energy of a system

 Internal energy

Microscopic form of energy is called internal energy.

K.E and P.E are microscopic form of energies Which are

related to molecular activity
It refers to energy contained within the system.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by (1)
heating the system, or (2) by doing work on it, or (3) by
adding or taking away matter.
Mechanical energy: The form of energy that can be converted
to mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal
mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.

HEAT: is the energy transferred without transfer of mass across the

boundary of a system because of temperature difference between
system and surrounding it is denoted by Q and expressed in joul or kj

Heat transfer per unit mass

• Heat transfer mechanisms:

• Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more

energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interaction between particles.
• Convection: The transfer of energy between a solid
surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion, and it
involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
• Radiation: The transfer of energy due to the emission of
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
 HEAT AND WORK
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a material by one degree (C or K, they’re the
same size).
C water = 4184 J / kg C (“holds” its heat)
Specific heat at constant pressure: is the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by one degree (C or
K, they’re the same size) at constant pressure
Specific heat at constant volume: is the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by one degree (C or
K, they’re the same size) at constant volume
 ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK
• Work: The energy transfer associated
with a force acting through a distance
• W=F×X.
 A rising piston, a rotating shaft, are all
associated with work interactions

In thermodynamics work may be defined

as

According to obert: work is defined as the

energy transferred (without transfer of
mass across the boundary of system
because of pressure difference between
the system and surrounding.
• Similerities between work and heat:
• Both are boundery phenomena
• System posses energy but not heat and
work
• Both are associated with process
• Both are pathe function

Formal sign convention: Heat transfer to a system

and work done by a system are positive; heat transfer
from a system and work done on a system are
negative.
• Alternative to sign convention is to use the
subscripts in and out to indicate direction

• w=W/m Kj/kg
 Heat vs. Work
• Both are recognized at the boundaries of a
system as they cross the boundaries. That is,
both heat and work are boundary phenomena.
• Systems possess energy, but not heat or work.
• Both are associated with a process, not a state.
• Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
• Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes
depend on the path followed during a process
as well as the end states).
Properties are point functions have exact
differentials (d ).

Path functions have inexact differentials (