THINGS
Module 3:
Non-Mendelian
Patterns of
Inheritance
After going through this
module, you are expected
to:
1. Explain the incomplete
dominance pattern of
inheritance
2. Describe codominant
traits
possible combinations
of genes for a specific
blood type
4. determine the
probability of having a
male and female gender
5. explain the sex-linked
and sex influenced trait
of the best
answer. Write
your answer on a
separate sheet of
paper.
A. It happens when two or more alleles
control the inheritance of a character.
B. It refers to traits that are controlled
by genes located on the same-sex
chromosomes.
C. It occurs when two dominant alleles
of a contrasting pair are fully expressed
at the same time in a heterozygous
individual.
D. It occurs when the phenotype of the
offspring is somewhere in between the
phenotypes of both parents
occurs in the heterozygous
(Rr) offspring of red (RR) and
white (rr) homozygotes. Which
cross would produce
offspring in the ratio of 1 red: 2
roan: 1 white?
A. RR x rr
B. Rr x Rr
C. RR x Rr
[Link] x RR
among humans, a man with type
AB blood
marries a woman with type A
blood. What possible blood type
might their sons
inherit?
A. Type B or type O
B. Type A or type O
C. Type A or type AB
[Link] A, type B, or type AB
4. Which of the following
indicate the number of
chromosomes and sex
chromosomes of a male?
A. 46, XY
B. 48, XY
C. 46, XX
D.48, XX
carriers of the color-
blindness trait?
A. Men who are homozygous for
the trait
B. Men who are heterozygous for
the trait
C. Women who are homozygous
for the trait
[Link] who are heterozygous
for the trait
color, if a black offspring
were produced from two
white sheep parent?
A. Heterozygous.
B. Homozygous black
C. Homozygous white
[Link] enough information
was given
when a long radish
crossed with round
radishes, result in all oval
radishes?
A. Codominance.
B. Multiple alleles
C. Complete dominance
[Link] dominance
but is due to a dominant gene.
When one parent is normal, and the
other parent has an extra finger but
is heterozygous for the trait, what is
the probability that the first child
will be normal?
A. zero percent
B. fifty percent
C. twenty-five percent
[Link]-five percent
of alleles for a gene that
controls a single
characteristic?
A. Both genes come from the father
B. Both genes come from the mother
C. The genes come randomly in pairs
from either the mother or the father
[Link] gene comes from the mother
and the other gene comes from the
father
phenotypic outcomes of an
organism who is
heterozygous for tallness
(Tt) mated with a recessive
(tt) individual?
A. 3 tall offspring
B. 4 tall offspring
C. 4 dwarfs’ offspring
D.2 tall, 2 dwarfs’ offspring
inheritance is expressed
by genes located either
on X or Y sex
chromosomes?
A. Codominance
B. Multiple alleles
C. Incomplete dominance
[Link]-linked inheritance
12. What pattern of
inheritance is determined
by offspring having a
series of phenotypes?
A. Codominance
B. Multiple alleles
C. Incomplete dominance
[Link]-linked inheritance
13. Which of the following
represents an individual
who is heterozygous for
two genes?
A. Aabb
B. AAbb
C. AaBb
[Link]
14. This refers to the
family tree showing the
inheritance of a trait over
several generations.
A. Pedigree
B. Karyotype
C. Dominant
[Link] square
15. Which of the following
best describes a
genotype with a symbol
of Dd?
A. Dominant
B. Recessive
C. Heterozygous
[Link]
dominant over yellow fruit
(r). In a test cross between
a homozygous red tomato
fruit plant and a tomato plant
that has yellow fruit, what
would be the genotypes of
the parents?
Genotype: ______________
Phenotype: _______________
b. What are the
phenotypes?
c. If two of the F1
generation from the above
cross were mated, what
would be the phenotypes
and genotypes of the
offspring?
refers to reproducing organisms
sexually. We know that in Mendel’s
principles of heredity each parent
gives one of two possible alleles for
a trait. However, Non-Mendelian
inheritance is any pattern of
inheritance wherein traits do not
segregate following Mendel’s law.
These laws describe the inheritance
of traits linked to single genes on
chromosomes in the nucleus.
of this pattern of inheritance in
which both alleles are present
resulting in an intermediate
phenotype. A cross between a
homozygous red-flowered plant
(FRFR) and a homozygous white-
flower plant (FWFW) will produce
offspring with pink flowers
(FRFW) as shown in the F1
generation.
heterozygotes of F1
generation, however, will
result in an F2 generation
with a phenotype of 25%
red flowers, 50% pink
flowers, and 25% white
flowers (phenotypic ratio
of 1:2(blended traits):1).
heterozygote condition
wherein both traits are
present simultaneously,
rather than one fully
determining the
phenotype. A speckled
chicken is a good
example of dominance.
with both black and
white feathers. The
alleles for black
feathers in some
varieties of chicken is
codominant with the
allele for white
feathers.
of inheritance is determined by
genes is in the blood typing in
humans. An antigen is a
protein- bound to a sugar
molecule found on the surface
of our red blood cells. A pair of
alleles (IA and IB) which
controls one group of antigens,
help in determining the blood
types of an individual.
the red
blood cells that will have
the antigens A and B.
Three alleles exist in the
ABO system:
A, B, and O. This result in
four blood types: A, B, O,
and the blended AB.
A single gene that has more
than two alleles is called
multiple alleles. The ABO
blood groups in humans as an
example of a gene that has
multiple alleles is the one
that controls the inheritance.
There are four blood group
systems A, B, AB, and O.
dominant over the i
allele which is always
recessive. However,
both alleles are
expressed equally when
the two alleles are
inherited
together.
humans have an XY sex-
determination that is
responsible for the gender
characterization of an
individual. Sex
chromosomes control
whether the organism will
be a male or a female.
have 22 pairs of
autosomal chromosomes
and a pair
of sex chromosomes. Male
brings X and Y
chromosomes, while both
X chromosomes
are in females.
A male offspring will be produced
when an egg fertilized by a
sperm passing on a Y
chromosome. Similarly, a female
offspring will be a result of a
fertilized egg through a sperm
carrying an X chromosome.
Therefore, there is a fifty-percent
probability of having a male and
Sex-Related Inheritance
Most of the time, more men in
comparison to women are bald
while lactation or milk
production is common in women
but certainly not in men. These
are inherited characteristics
determined by sex. The following
are the three kinds of sex-