Chemistry

Dr. V Anitha Rani

Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
Hyderabad
Course Institute
outcomes of Aeronautical Engineering

Name of the Topic Topic Learning

Course Outcome
covered Outcome

Describe different types of

Understand the preparation
polymerization reactions for
PVC,Nylon-6,6 and Teflon methods, properties and synthesizing polymers from
applications of polymers.
monomers.

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 Institute
Outcome achievedof Aeronautical Engineering

Name of the topic: PVC,Nylon-6,6 and Teflon

Students will be able to do:

Describe different types of polymerization reactions for synthesizing polymers
1 from monomers.

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 SYLLABUS Engineering
Institute of Aeronautical
Module-I: Batteries Chemistry and Corrosion
Module-II: Water and Its Treatment
Module-III: Polymer Technology
Module-IV: Energy sources
Module-V : Engineering Materials

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Institute of Aeronautical Engineering

MODULE-III
POLYMER TECHNOLOGY

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 Institute ofPOLYMER TECHNOLOGY
Aeronautical Engineering

Polymers:
 Types of Polymerization
i. Addition Polymerization
ii. Condensation Polymerization
 Classification of plastics
i. Thermoplastic resins
ii. Thermosetting resins
 Synthetic Polymers: DON’T WRITE
i. Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) OR PLACE ANY
ii. Nylon- 6,6 IMAGE IN THIS
iii. Bakelite ( Phenol formaldehyde resin) AREA.
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Polymers:
In the 15th century ,Christopher Columbus noticed
that the natives of south America were playing with
bouncing balls, made from the latex of a tree,
which is used to call weeping wood. This natural
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rubber which was named by Joseph priestly as
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rubber, as it is erasing the pencil marks from paper. IMAGE IN THIS
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Later on in 1909 Leo Bakeland developed the phenol-formaldehyde

resin and named it Bakelite. He has been called ‘The Father of Plastic

Industry’.

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Polymers:
Polymers form very important components in our daily life. The
polymers are highly useful in domestic industrial & medical fields.

The following are the reasons for the extensive use of polymers.
• Most of the polymers are non-toxic & safe to use
• They have low densities (light in weight) so transportation
polymers will be easy.
• They posses high strength, good flexibility, resistant to DON’T WRITE
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chemicals
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• These can function as good thermal & electrical insulators.
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• These can be moulded and fabricate easily, They posses esthetic .
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Polymers:
 Polymers are used in homes and vehicles
 It is used to repair organs
 It can be used in purification of water
 These are used in furniture and fabrics.
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Ploymers: (In Greek Ploy means Many , mers means Units or Parts)
Polymers can be defined as the large molecules (macro molecular)
formed by the linkage of small molecules called monomers.
E.g.: poly ethylene. Thus the repeated unit of polymer is called monomer.
 nCH2 = CH2 (CH2 - CH2 )n

Ethylene Heat/pressure catalyst polyethylene

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Ploymers: (In Greek Ploy means Many , mers means Units or Parts)
 A polymer is a long molecule formed by the joining together of thousands
of small molecular units by chemical bonds. Due to their large size they
are also sometimes called as macromolecules.(or)
 Polymers are macromolecules (giant molecules of high molecular
masses)built-up by the linking together of a large number of small
molecules (called monomers).
‘Poly’ is the term used before the name of monomer or compound, DON’T WRITE
indicating the compound to be a polymer OR PLACE ANY
Ex: polyethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene etc are polymers formed IMAGE IN THIS
from monomers, ethylene, styrene and butadiene etc. AREA.
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It is also interesting to note that many carbohydrates, Proteins & enzymes,

DNA & RNA are natural polymers.

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The number of repeating units in a polymer chain is called degree of
polymerization. For e.g.:- if 100 small molecules of ethylene
polymerize to give the polymer chain, the degree of polymerization is
100.
Types of polymers:
i. Homo polymers (same)
ii. Co-polymers (different)
Homo polymer:
Polymer made up of only one type of monomer. DON’T WRITE
e.g.:- polyethylene (-M-M-M-M-) n OR PLACE ANY
i. Straight chain polymers IMAGE IN THIS
ii. Branched chain polymers AREA.
iii. Cross linked polymers .
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Co-polymer:
• Polymer formed by the reaction between different monomers
Ex: BuNa-S (M1- M2 – M1 - M2 )n
i. Straight chain polymers
ii. Branched chain polymers
iii. Cross linked polymers

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Polymerization:
The process by which the simple molecules (monomers) are
converted into large molecules (polymers) by applying heat,
pressure and catalyst is called polymerization.

Monomers Polymers
polymerization

Types of Polymerization: DON’T WRITE

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2. Condensation polymerization IMAGE IN THIS
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Addition polymerization or chain polymerization:
A chain polymerization is a reaction that yields a polymer product which is the
exact multiple of monomers. Thus the mechanism is also called addition
polymerization.
i. The functionality of the monomer is a one double bond and it is
bifunctional
ii. The polymerization takes place by self-addition of the monomer
molecules to each other through a chain reaction.
iii. No biproducts like H2O,CH3OH etc are produced.
iv. The molecular weight of the polymer is the exact multiple of the
monomer. DON’T WRITE
v. The polymer has the same chemical composition as that of monomer. OR PLACE ANY
vi. The conversion of a pi bond to a sigma bond takes place during the
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polymerization, liberating 20 [Link]/mole of energy. Hence highly AREA.
exothermic reactions. .
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Addition polymerization or chain polymerization: Polyethylene, polyvinylchloride
and polystyrene

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Condensation polymerization or Step wise polymerization:
Step polymerization takes place by condensation reactions of the functional
groups of the monomers with the elimination of biproducts like H2O,HCl etc,
hence known as condensation polymerization.
[Link] monomers contain functional groups like –OH,-COOH,NH2 ,halides
etc.
[Link] functionality of the monomer must be two or more than two. The
monomer must be dibasic acids, diols, diamines etc.
[Link] polymerization reaction is accompanied by the elimination of
biproducts like HCl,CH3OH,H2O etc. DON’T WRITE
[Link] reactions are not exothermic. OR PLACE ANY
[Link] molecular weight of the polymer is not the sum of the molecular IMAGE IN THIS
weights of the monomers. AREA.
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Condensation polymerization or Step wise polymerization:

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Condensation polymerization or Step polymerization:
Ex:Nylon6,6

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Contents:
Classification of plastics
i. Thermoplastic resins
ii. Thermosetting resins

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Plastics:
Plastics are the polymers characterized by the property of
plasticity, moulded to desired form, when subjected to heat
and pressure in the presence of catalyst.
The term plastic and resin are considered to be synonymous.
A resin is the product of polymerization and forms the major
part of the plastics.
Plastics are materials obtained by mixing the resin with other
ingredients to impart special engineering properties. DON’T WRITE
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Plastics:
Plastics are characterized by
[Link] weight, good thermal and electrical insulation.
[Link] corrosion resistance
[Link] workability-moulding, drilling etc.
[Link] chemical inertness
[Link] maintenance cost
[Link] abrasion resistance, toughness, impermeability to
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Classification of plastics:
The plastic resins are classified into two types
i. Thermoplastic resin
ii. Thermosetting resin
[Link] resins:
Thermoplastic resins are those which can be softened by heating and
hardened on cooling.
Due to the action of heat the intermolecular forces between polymer chains
breaks and facilitate the easy movement of polymer chain which makes them
softened. DON’T WRITE
On cooling the plastics the intermolecular forces reappear holding the OR PLACE ANY
polymer chains in fixed positions which makes them rigid and hard. IMAGE IN THIS
Thermoplastics are generally prepared by addition polymerization AREA.
Ex: polyethylene(PE), Ployvinyl chloride(PVC), Ploystyrene(PS), .
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Thermoplastic resins:

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[Link] resin:
 Thermosetting resins are resins which during moulding process get
hardened and later cannot be softened by heating etc.
 Thermosetting resins possess three dimensional cross linked network
polymer chains made of covalent bonds.
 These strong covalent bonds maintain the strength of polymer even
under high temperatures.
Ex: Themosetting resins are bakelite, epoxy resins.

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Applications:

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Contents:
Preparation, Properties and Applications of
 polyvinyl Chloride
 Nylon-6,6
 Bakelite

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Preparation, Properties and Applications of polyvinyl
Chloride(PVC):
Preparation: Polyvinyl chloride is obtained by heating vinyl chloride in presence a
small amount of benzoyl peroxide or hydrogen peroxide in an autoclave under
pressure.

Vinyl chloride is prepared by treating acetylene with hydrochloric acid at 60-80 °C

in presence of metal chloride(ZnCl 2) catalyst. DON’T WRITE
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Properties:
[Link] is colourless, odourless, non-inflammable and chemically inert powder.
[Link] is resistant to light, atmospheric oxygen, inorganic acids and alkalis but soluble
in hot chlorinated hydrocarbons such as ethyl chloride.
[Link] has a melting point 148°C.
[Link] is strong and brittle.
[Link] is not stable to heat and U.V radiation. It undergoes degradation.
Applications:
[Link] PVC or unplasticized PVC have superior chemical resistance and high
rigidity but is brittle.
It is used for making sheets used in tank-linings, safety helmets , refrigerator DON’T WRITE
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[Link] PVC: ( obtained by adding plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate,
tricrysyl phosphate)
It is used for making sheets, packing rain coats, table-cloth curtains, electric
cables, toys, radio-components, plastic-coated cloth, chemical containers, thermal
insulating foam(used in buildings, cinemas and aircrafts).

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Nylon6,6:
Nylon belongs to polyamide class of synthetic polymers, which have repeating
amide group. Nylon was first synthesized in London and the technology was
taken and manufactured in new York. After the two cities where ‘NY’ stands
for new York and Lon stands for London where it was synthesized, this
polyamide was given the name Nylon. There are different types of Nylons like
Nylon 6,6,Nylon6,10 etc. Where the first number stands for the number of DON’T WRITE
carbon atoms in diamine and the second number indicates the number of OR PLACE ANY
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Nylon-6,6:
Preparation:
Nylon-6,6 is prepared by the condensation polymerization of Hexamethylene
diamine with Adipic acid.

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Properties:
[Link]-6,6 possess high melting point in the range of 264°C due to the
hydrogen bonding between hydrogen of the amide group [-N-H-] an oxygen
of C=O group
[Link]-6,6 have good strength.
[Link] absorb little moisture and are thus drip-dry in nature.
[Link] fibers are flexible and retain original shape after use.
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Properties:
[Link]-6,6 possess high temperature stability and good abrasion-resistance.
[Link] are insoluble in common organic solvents like benzene, acetone and
soluble in phenol and formic acid.
[Link] fibers are easily blend with wool to increase the strength and abrasion
resistance of wool.

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Applications:
[Link]-6,6 is used for fibres, which find use in making socks, ladies hoses,
undergarment dresses and carpets etc.
[Link] is used for making filaments for ropes, bristles for tooth brushes,
and tyre cords.

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Bakelite( Phenolic resin (or) Phenol formaldehyde resin):

Preparation of Bakelite:
Bakelite is an important thermoset resin named after the scientist Bakeland,
who synthesized this resin in the year [Link] is prepared by condensing
phenol with formaldehyde in presence of acid or alkaline catalyst.
Bakelite is the commercial name for the polymer obtained by the
polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde.
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The initial reaction results in the formation of O- and p- hydroxyl methylol OR PLACE ANY
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Phenol, Which reacts to form linear polymer, Novalac.
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Bakelite( Phenolic resin (or) Phenol formaldehyde resin):

Preparation of Bakelite: Phenol is made to react with formaldehyde in
presence of acid/alkali to produce non-polymeric mono, di and tri methylol
phenols depending on the phenol formaldehyde ratio (P/F rtio)

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Bakelite( Phenolic resin (or) Phenol formaldehyde resin):

When novalac resin is further heated in presence of HCHO and

hexamethylene tetramine [(CH2) 6N4] are added, which

converts the soluble and fusible novalac into a hard, infusible and insoluble
solid of cross-linked structure Bakelite is formed..

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Properties of bakelite:
1. Bakelite is hard, rigid and strong.
2. It is water resistant polymer
3. It has got good chemical resistance, resistant to acids, salts and many
organic solvents, but is attacked by alkalis due to the presence of –OH
group.
4. It is used for water purification by ion-exchange process in boilers.
5. It is an excellent electrical insulator
6. It has very good corrosion resistance, resistant to
O2,CO2,moisture,light,U.V radiation.
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Applications:
1. It is used for making electric insulator parts like switches, plugs, switch
boards etc.
2. For making moulded articles like telephone parts, cabinet of radio and
television
3. As an anion exchanger in water purification by ion exchange method in
boilers
4. In paints and varnishes
5. For making bearings used in propeller shafts, paper industry and rolling
mills
6. For making wood laminates and glass laminates. DON’T WRITE
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Applications:

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Biodegradable polymers:
• Biodegradable polymers are a special class of polymers that
breaks down after its intended purpose by bacterial
decomposition process to result in natural byproducts such as
gases (CO2,N2), water, biomass and inorganic salts.
• Biodegradability is defined as the ability of being chemical
transformation by enzymatic action of bacteria which are capable
of further degradation.
 Biodegradable polymers are degradation of polymers caused by
algae, fungi and bacteria. They are easily compostable, they DON’T WRITE
yield CO2,H2O,inorganic compounds etc. without leaving toxic OR PLACE ANY
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AeronauticalPolymers
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Biodegradable polymers:
Biodegradation of polymers not only aimed at eliminating
landfills but also compostable bags for collection of leaf and
yard waste. Those The Polymers which degrade by enzymatic
action of naturally occurring micro organisms and bacteria
are called biodegradable polymers.

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Biodegradable polymers:
• Biodegradable polymers were used in the times of Romans
where they used catgut for sutures which slowly degrades
as the wound heals.
The Biodegradation polymers are classified as
• i. Naturally occurring biodegradable polymers.
• Ii. Synthetic biodegradable polymers.

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Biodegradable polymers:

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(a) Naturally occurring Biodegradable polymers:

There is a belief that anything that comes from nature goes
back to nature .Hence it is assumed that these natural
polymers are beautiful for environmental degradation.
There are four groups of naturally occurring biodegradable
polymers.
[Link] -Eg: starch and cellulose
[Link]-Eg:Gelatin,casein ,silk, wool DON’T WRITE
[Link] -Eg: Polyhydroxy alkanoates OR PLACE ANY
[Link]-Eg:Lignin ,shellac ,natural rubber etc. IMAGE IN THIS
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(a) Synthetic biodegradable polymers:
• These polymers are produced from chemicals or biological
sources that are biodegradable.
• Ex: silicon adhesives are used for covering burns and
making artificial skin.
• The following are the synthetic biodegradable polymers.
• 1) Polylactic acid (PLA)
• 2) Polyvinylacetate (PVA)
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Polylactic acid(PLA):
Preparation of Polylactic acid (PLA):
This is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester derived from renewable
sources such as sugar cane or from the starch obtained from corn possess the
following structure.
Lactide is derived by condensation of Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid ) Polylactic
Lactide converts in to polylacticacid by polymerization process in the acid (PLA)
presence of catalyst (Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate).

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AeronauticalPolymers
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Polylactic acid(PLA):
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polyester that is made from lactic acid
monomers. It is a biomaterial that can be derived from renewable resources
like corn or sugarcane. PLA has many uses, including in medical devices, food
containers, and 3D printing.

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Polylactic acid(PLA):

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Properties of PLA:
• PLA possess good biocompatibility as well as high strength
• PLA posses melting point is 175°C.
• PLA is a chiral compound existing as poly l-lactic acid (PLLA)
Note: Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to interact with
living tissues without causing adverse reactions, such as
inflammation or rejection.
Applications of PLA:
• PLA is widely used for biomedical applications such as sutures,
stents, drug delivery devices, dialysis media etc. DON’T WRITE
• Preparation of bioplastics for packing food and disposable table OR PLACE ANY
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Properties of PLA:
• Biodegradability: PLA is biodegradable and can be broken down by
hydrolysis and enzymatic reactions. When degraded, it forms lactic acid
monomers that are metabolized into water and carbon dioxide.
• Mechanical properties: PLA has good mechanical properties, including
tensile strength, high modulus, and low extension.
• Thermal properties: PLA has a melting temperature of around 175°C.
• Biocompatibility: PLA is biocompatible and is used in biomedical
applications.
• Thermoplastic: PLA is a thermoplastic material that is commonly used in
3D printing. DON’T WRITE
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AeronauticalPolymers
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Applications of PLA:
• Biomedical: PLA is used in medical implants, such as bone screws and
stents, as well as drug delivery devices and sutures. PLA is biodegradable
and biocompatible, and its degradation products are non-toxic.
• Food packaging: PLA is used in food packaging, such as cups,containers,
and salad bowls.
• 3D printing: PLA is a common filament for fused deposition modeling
(FDM) 3D printing because of its low melting point and ease of
use. During the COVID-19 pandemic, PLA was used to create personal
protective equipment (PPE) and ventilator modifications.
• Clothing: PLA fibers can be formed into clothing. DON’T WRITE
• Other applications: PLA is also used in paper coating, films, and OR PLACE ANY
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Polyvinyl acetate(PVA):
Polyvinyl acetate is a water soluble and biodegradable polymer,
possessing excellent mechanical properties and compatibility with
starch.
i)Preparation of Vinyl acetate:
Vinyl acetate is prepared by bubbling acetylene through hot glacial
acetic acid in the presence of mercuric salts and sulphuric acid
catalyst

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ii)Preparation of polyvinylacetate:
Vinyl acetate when heated in presence of benzoyl peroxide
as catalyst undergoes polymerization to give polyvinyl
acetate (PVA).

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Properties of PVA:
[Link] is an amorphous atactic polymer
[Link] is water soluble
[Link] possess excellent mechanical properties.
[Link] at room temperature
[Link] is colourless, transparent material.
[Link] to heat and water
[Link] in organic solvents DON’T WRITE
[Link] molecular weight PVA are brittle. OR PLACE ANY
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Applications :
[Link] of polyvinyl alcohol.
[Link] in production of water based emulsion paints, lacquers etc.
[Link] chewing gums, surgical dressings, cardboards for packing purposes,
for coating on wrapping paper.
[Link] is used for the finishing of textile and other fabrics and bonding papers,
textiles, leather etc.
[Link] is used in food industry for packing material, food storage, catering etc.
[Link] bags.
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Rubbers
• There are many rubber products which we come across in our
daily life.
• Some common rubber-based objects that we encounter in our
day-to-day lives include rubber gloves, rubber bands, and rubber
footwear.
• Rubber items have the ability to recover their shapes after being
stretched or distorted, which is the reason why rubber can be
classified as an elastomer.
• Rubber is an elastic substance which can be obtained both DON’T WRITE
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Rubbers
 Rubbers also known as Elastomers, they are high polymers.
 The polymers which possess the property of elasticity is called
rubber.
 When stress is applied, polymer chains get partially aligned with
respect to another, thereby causing crystallization, temporary
deformation which makes the polymer stiff.
 On releasing the stress, the chains get reverted back to their
original coiled state.
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Rubbers: The elasticity of rubber is due to its coiled helix structure.

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Rubbers are classified in to
i) Natural rubbers
ii) Artificial rubbers or synthetic rubber
Natural Rubber:
 The rubber obtained from natural source is called natural
rubber.
 Natural rubber is made from the saps of a wide range of
plants like Havea Brasilliensis and Gauyule, found in
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 Natural rubber consists of basic material latex, Which is a
dispersion of isoprene. During the treatment, these
isoprene molecules polymerize to form, long-coiled chains
of cis-polyisoprene.
 The main composition of natural rubber is polyisoprene,
Which is in the form of long coiled chains, responsible for
the elasticity of natural rubber.

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Natural Rubber is a high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymer
represented by the formula (C5H8)x.
It is a polymer of isoprene units. The polymer chain of natural
rubber is made of 2000 to 3000 monomer units.
The rubber latex (milky-liquid rubber) is obtained by making
incisions in the bark of the rubber trees and allowing the saps to
flow out into small vessels.
 Tapping is usually done at intervals of about six months.
 The latex is emptied into buckets and transferred to a factory for
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Processing of Natural Rubber:

Latex is diluted to contain between 15 to 20% of rubber and filtered
to eliminate any dirt present in it. Acetic acid or Formic acid (about

1kg per 200 kg of rubber material) is then added, when rubber is

coagulated to soft white mass. The coagulated mass (coagulum) is

washed. The coagulum is treated as

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(a)Crepe rubber:
 The coagulum is allowed to drain for about 2 hours. Then, passed
through a ‘creping machine’ ,which consists of two rollers with
longitudinal grooves upon which water is sprayed.
 The spongy coagulum is converted into a sheet, which possesses
an uneven rough surface resembling crepe rubber.
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(b) Smoked Rubber:

 Coagulation is carried out in long tanks having sides with
vertical grooves, fitted with metal plates.
 Diluted latex is poured into the tanks, with plates removed.
 Then, diluted acetic acid or formic acid ( coagulating agent) is
added and the mixture is stirred throughly.
 The partition plates are then inserted into the grooves.
 The tanks are kept undisturbed for about 16 hours. DON’T WRITE
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(b) Smoked Rubber:
 The slabs are then passed through a series of smooth rollers, with
decreasing the clearance in-between them and water is sprayed
simultaneously at the centre of the rollers.
 The final roller has a clearance of such a design so as to give ribbed –
pattern to the final rubber sheet.
 Ribbed-pattern on the surface of the rubber sheet exposes greater
surface and this facilitates consequent drying and also prevents the
sheets from adhering together on stacking.
 The sheets are then hung for about 4 days in a smoke house, in which DON’T WRITE
temperature between 40 to 50°C is maintained. The crude rubber thus OR PLACE ANY
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The natural rubber is extracted by the above method has got some
disadvantages as listed below because of the double bond existing in the
structure.
[Link] is soft and plastic in nature. It becomes soft at high temperature range of
10-60°C.
[Link] swells in water and easily attacked by organic solvents, acids, bases and
non-polar solvents like mineral oils, benzene and gasoline.
[Link] possess poor tensile strength.
[Link] oxygen attacks the rubber and produces epoxides which gives
bad smell, sticky nature to rubber.
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[Link] rubber possess takiness i.e when two fresh raw rubber sheets were
pressed together, they coalese to form a single sheet.
[Link] stretched to a great extent, rubber suffers permanent deformation
due to sliding or slippage of some molecular chains over each other.
[Link] rubber is attacked by atmospheric O2,CO2,moisture,light,
U.V radiation etc. and gets less durability.

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Vulcanization of Natural Rubber:
 To improve the properties of rubber, charles good in 1839
compounded the raw rubber with some chemicals and heated to
100 -140°C.
 Some chemicals like elemental sulphur, hydrogen sulphide,
sulphur dichloride, benzoyl chloride and zinc oxide are added to
both natural and synthetic rubbers.
 The most important vulcanizer is sulphur which combines
chemically at the double bonds of the different chains producing
sulphur cross linkings, imparting strength increases, the DON’T WRITE
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Vulcanization of Natural Rubber:
 For example the rubber used for making tyres of materials contains 3 to
5% of sulphur and for making battery case the rubber contains 30% of
sulphur.
 If the percentage of sulphur is more than 32,that rubber is called ebonite
or vulcanite or hard rubber.

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Vulcanization:
 It consists of heating the raw rubber at 100-1400C with sulphur.
 They combine chemically at the double bonds of different rubber
spring and provides cross-linking between the chains.
 This cross linking during vulcanization brings about a stiffening of
the rubber by anchoring and consequently preventing
intermolecular movement of rubber springs.
 The amount of sulphur added determines the extent of stiffness
of vulcanized rubber.
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Advantages of vulcanization:
[Link] rubber has good tensile strength and load bearing capacity.
2. It has low elasticity.
[Link] possess low water absorption tendency.
[Link] rubber has higher resistance to oxidation and atmospheric gases
like O2,CO2,moisture,light and [Link].
[Link] rubber is a good electrical insulator.
[Link] abrasion resistance of natural rubber increases tremendously.
7. It is resistance to organic solvents like CCl 4, Benzene and petrol etc.
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Applications:
• The major application of natural rubber is in the manufacture of tyres.
• In heavy duty tyres, the major portion of the rubber used is natural
rubber.
• The tank linings in chemical plants where corrosive chemicals are stored
are prepared from rubber.
• To reduce machine vibrations, rubber is used for sandwiching between
two metal surfaces.
• Foam rubber is used for making cushions’, matrices, padding etc.
• toys and sports items are manufactured from natural rubber.
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Synthetic Rubbers or Elastomers:

• An elastomer or synthetic rubber is any
vulcanisable man-made rubber-like polymer,
which can be stretched to at least twice its
length, but it returns to its original shape and
dimensions as soon as stretching force is
released.
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Styrene rubber or Buna-s-Rubber:

• It is a copolymer of butadiene (75%) and styrene (25%).
• In the early days of its synthesis sodium was used as the
catalyst. Hence the name bu (butadiene), na (symbol Na
for sodium) and S (for styrene).
• It is also called GRS (government rubber styrene) or SBR
(styrene butadiene Rubber).
• The Buna-S-Rubber is the first synthetic rubber developed
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Styrene rubber or Buna-s-Rubber:
Preparation: It is prepared by the copolymerization of butadiene & styrene.

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Properties:
• It is a strong & tough polymer.
• The rubber can be vulcanized similar to natural rubber
using either sulphur or sulphur mono chloride.
• It is a good electrical insulator.
• It possess excellent abrasion resistance
• It is resistance to chemicals but swells in oils and attacked
by even traces of ozone present in the atmosphere
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• It possess high load bearing capacity and resilience OR PLACE ANY
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Applications:
• Major application of styrene rubber is in manufacture of tyres.
• It is used in foot wear industry for making shoe soles and
footwear components
• It is also used for making wires and cable insulations.
• It is also used for the production of floor tiles, tank linings in
chemical industries.

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Thiokol rubber (or) poly sulphide rubber (or) GR-P:
Preparation:
Thiokol is prepared by the condensation co- polymerization of sodium poly
sulphide (Na2Sx) and ethylene dichloride (Cl CH2 CH2 Cl).
• In these elastomers, sulphur forms a part of the polymer chain.

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Properties:
• These rubbers possess poor strength and abrasion resistance.
• It is also impermeable to gases.
• This rubber cannot be vulcanized because its structure is not
similar to natural rubber and it cannot form hard rubber.
• It possesses extremely good resistance to mineral oils, fuels,
oxygen, solvents, ozone & sunlight.
• They are cheap and easily shaped but have an unpleasant smell.
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Applications:
• Fabrics coated with Thiokol are used for barrage balloons.
• It is mainly used as solid propellant fuel for rocket.
• It is also used for making gaskets, hose pipe, cable linings, tank
linings etc.
• It is also used for printing rolls and containers for transporting
solvents.

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Reference books:
1.P. C. Jain and Monica Jain, “Engineering Chemistry”, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company, 16th Edition, 2017.
[Link] Chawla, “Text Book of Engineering Chemistry” Dhanat Rai
and Company, 2017.

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