3.
5 BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS
1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Metallic bond ( found in metal)
Formation of bonds
i. The electronic structures of noble gases are very stable and
unreactive, so they do not need to lose or gain any extra
electrons to filled up their outermost shells.
ii. They do not usually react with other elements to form
compounds.
iii. Atoms of most other elements are reactive.
iv. They combine other atoms to form molecules or compounds.
Octet Rule
In forming a chemical bond, atoms gain, lose or share electrons
in such a way to attain the stable electronic structures of the
noble gases, i.e., to have eight electrons in the outermost shell,
which is known as octet electron configuration ( octet rule).
Note: Exception is that helium has only two outer electrons.
Helium has a duplet electron configuration.
NOBLE GASES (or) INERT GASES
NOBLE GASES (or) INERT GASES
Ions Formation
An ion
A charged particle is an ion.
Cation
Cation is a positively charged ion.
Anion
Anion is a negatively charged ion.
Note:
i. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains electrons, so that it has a charged on it.
ii. Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions ( cations).
iii. Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged ions ( anions).
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed when there is complete transfer of an electron or
electrons from one atom to another resulting in the formation of cations and
anions. These oppositely charged ions are held together by a force of electrostatic
attraction known as ionic bond.
Ionic compound
Ionic bond occurs mainly between a metal and non-metal. Compounds that contain
ionic bonds are called ionic compounds.
FORMATION OF IONIC BOND
Atom
1
-
+ Transfer of electron
12 Positive ion+ Negative ion-
Attraction
3
31 IONIC BOND
Formation of an ionic bond in Sodium Chloride
+ -
transfer
+ + +
+
Sodium atom chlorine atom Sodium ion chlorine ion
( 2.8.1 ) ( 2.8.7 ) ( 2.8 ) ( 2.8.8 )
Sodium Chloride ( Na Cl )
2+ 2-
XX
XX
X X
Mg O X Mg X
O
X X
X X
Magnesium atom Oxygen atom Magnesium ion Oxygen ion
2.8.2 2.6 2.8 2.8
Magnesium oxide
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electron between two atoms by
weak intermolecular forces of attraction. Covalent bonds are formed when non-
metal reacts one another.
Note:
(i) The covalent bond can be formed between atoms of the same element. ( e.g.,
molecules) or between atoms of the different elements. ( e.g.,
.
(ii) When a pair of electrons is shared, a single covalent bond is formed.
(iii) When two pairs of electrons are shared, a double covalent bond is formed.
(iv) Dot-cross diagrammatic representation is used to explain more explicity
for the bond formation between atoms.
Covalent bond in same elements
molecule contains a single covalent bond.
x H (or) X
Two hydrogen atoms One hydrogen molecule
molecule contains a double covalent bond.
O O O (or) O O
Two oxygen atoms One oxygen molecule
molecule contains a triple covalent bond.
N N N N (or) N N
Two nitrogen atoms One nitrogen molecule
Covalent bond in different elements
When atoms of different elements are joined together by covalent compound or
molecular compound is formed.
molecule
O
C O C O (or) O C O
O
One carbon dioxide
One carbon atom Two hydrogen molecule
atoms
molecule
O H O H (or) H O H
One oxygen atom Two hydrogen One water molecule
atoms
molecule
H
H
N N H (or) H N H
H H H
H
Three hydrogen
One nitrogen atom One ammonia molecule
atoms
molecule
H
H H H
C H C H (or) H C H
H H H
H
One carbon atom Four hydrogen
atoms One methane molecule
The Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
No. Ionic compound Covalent Compound
1. Ionic compounds do not contain molecules. Covalent compounds consist of molecules.
They consist of aggregates of oppositely
charged ions.
2. Ionic compounds are solids and do not Simple covalent compounds are gases or
vaporize easily. volatile liquids ( e.g., ammonia, carbon
dioxide, ethanol).
3. They conduct electricity when molten or in Most of the simple covalent compounds do
aqueous solution. not conduct electricity.
4. Most ionic compounds have high melting Simple covalent compounds have low
points and high boiling points melting points and low boiling points.
5. Most ionic compounds are soluble in water but Simple covalent compounds are usually
not soluble in organic solvents such as toluene, insoluble in water and soluble in covalent
ether, benzene, etc. organic solvents such as toluene, ether,
benzene, etc.