Chapter 3 artificial intelligence
3.1.1. Need for Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence.
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power",
or “the ability to learn and solve problems” .
Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power.“
Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.
Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply
knowledge.
Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).
Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy of
something natural (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and
applying the information it has gained through exposure.”
Cont…
• Intelligence is composed of:
➢ Reasoning
➢ Learning
➢ Problem Solving
➢ Perception
➢ Linguistic Intelligence
3.1.1. Need for Artificial Intelligence
1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the
capability to learn,demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do
and applying themas algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
3.1.2. Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• Replicate human intelligence
• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception and action
Cont…
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓ Driving a car in traffic
[Link] some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself,demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
3.1.3. What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
• machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following
disciplines:-
✓ Mathematics ✓ Biology
✓ Psychology ✓ Sociology
✓ Computer Science ✓ Neurons Study ✓ Statistics
3.1.4. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such
as AI
• technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirements.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purposes, Natural language processing (for search
engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google
translate), etc.
3.1.5. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
➢ High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it
requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
➢ Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with
AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that
work for which they are trained, or programmed.
➢ No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,
but still it doesnot have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with humans, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.
➢ Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology,
people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing
their mental capabilities.
➢ No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some
new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence
and cannot be creative and imaginative.
3.2 Levels of AI
AI passed a serious the stages to get the current stage of its
[Link] are:-
Cont…
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
• The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering everything from
business software (Robotic Process Automation) and domestic appliances to
aircraft autopilots.
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
➢ Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being
applied in. They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best
humans, and their knowledge base can be updated as new situations and
queries arise. Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and
“roboadvisors”.
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
• ➢ Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in
a specific context taking in massive volumes of information which they can
use for decision making.
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
➢ These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves
and others– they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their
own logic [Link] means they could reason or negotiate with humans and
other machines.
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI)
➢ These systems have human-like intelligence – the most commonly
portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in evidence today
Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
➢ AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in
every domain.
• Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might
be, yet we would hope examples would include solving problems we have
failed to so far, such asworld hunger and dangerous environmental
change.
• Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
➢ This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6)
leads to a massive expansion in human capability. Human
augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a
future successor of the current internet, creating a “hive mind”
that shares ideas, solves problems collectively, and even gives
others access to our dreams as observers or participants.
The seven level of AI maturity
7
4 5 6 Situati
2 3 prev
auto predi onal
1 noti sug enti
mati ction aware
perc ficat gest on
on ness
eptio ion ion
n
[Link] is happening now
[Link] do I need to know
[Link] do you recommend
[Link] should always do
[Link] can I expect to happen
6. What can I avoid
[Link] do I need to do right now
Figure 3.1 the seven layer of AI maturity
3.3. Types of AI
• Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are
mainly two types of the main categorization which are based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI, as shown in figure 3.2.
Following is the flow diagram which explains the types of AI.
Artificial intelligence
Type one
Narrow General Strong
AI AI Type two
AI
Artificial machine
Self-awareness
Limited memory
Theory of mind
Figure 3.2Type of artificial intelligence
A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
➢ Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated
task with intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is
Narrow AI in theworld of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only
trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
➢ Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a
limited pre-defined range of functions.
➢ IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an
Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural
language processing.
➢ Some Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess,
purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech
recognition, and image recognition.
➢ General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual
2. General AI:
task with efficiency like a human.
➢ The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be
smarter and think like a human on its own.
➢ Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human. It may arrive within
the next 20 or so years but it has challenges relating to hardware, the
energy consumption required in today’s powerful machines, and the need
to solve for catastrophic memory loss that affects even the most advanced
deep learning algorithms of today
➢ The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with
General AI.
➢ As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
effort and time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
➢ Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a
human with cognitive properties. This refers to aspects like general
wisdom, problem solving and creativity. It is an outcome of general AI.
➢ Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to
think,to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own.
➢ Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The
development of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.
B. Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines
➢ Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
➢ These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action. IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive
machines.
➢ Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
➢ Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a
short period of time.
➢ These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
➢ Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limits, and other information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
➢ Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and
be able to interact socially like humans.
➢ This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making
lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
4. Self-Awareness
➢ Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will
be super intelligent and will have their own consciousness, sentiments,
and self-awareness.
➢ These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
➢ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
3.4.2. Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components
• AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to map the
human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.
• The first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding
environments through humansenses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste,
and touch, through human organs, such as eyes, ears,and other sensing
organs, for example, the hands.
• This stage is represented by the sensing layer, which perceives information
from the surrounding environment. E.g. voice recognition for sensing
voice and visual imaging recognition
• The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the input
data. In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer, that is,
reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired by the
sensing layer.
• The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions. After
evaluating the input data, theinteracting layer performs the necessary
tasks. Robotic movement control and speech generation are examples of
functions that are implemented in the interacting layer.
3.4. Influencers of artificial intelligence
• The following influencers of AI are described in this section:
➢ Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
➢ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures
➢ Cloud computing and APIs
➢ The emergence of data science
[Link] of AI
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial
Intelligence:
• AI in agriculture:- Agriculture is an area that requires various resources,
labor, money, and time for the best result. Agriculture is applying AI as
agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
• AI in Healthcare:- Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a
better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with
diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach the patient before hospitalization.
• AI in education:
➢ AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI
chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
➢ AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will
be accessible easily at any time and any place.
• AI in Finance and E-commerce:- AI and finance industries are the best
matches for each other. The finance industry is implementing automation,
chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into
financial processes.
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping
shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.
• AI in Gaming:- AI can be used for gaming purposes. The AI machines
can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think
of a large number of possible places.
• AI in Data Security:-The security of data is crucial for every company
and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can
be used to make your data more safe and secure.
• AI in Social Media
➢ Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions
of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very
efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI
can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and
requirements of different users.
• AI in Travel &Transport:- AI is becoming highly demanding for travel
industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as
from making travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers.
Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-
like interaction with customers for a better and fast response.
• AI in the Automotive Industry:- Some Automotive industries are using AI
to provide virtual assistants to their use for better performance. Various
Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which
canmake your journey more safe and secure.
AI in Robotics:
➢ Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general
robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task,
but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can
perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
➢ Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligent
• Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed which can
talk and behave like humans.
• AI in Entertainment:- We are currently using some AI-based applications
in our daily life with some entertainment services such as Netflix or
Amazon.