LESSON 2

TECHNIQUES IN
PARAPHRASING
TEXTS
 “Men have called me mad; but the
ATTEMPT TO question is not yet settled, whether
REWRITE THIS madness is or is not the loftiest
SHORT intelligence – whether much that is
PASSAGE glorious – whether all that is
WITHOUT profound – does not spring from
CHANGING disease of thought – from moods of
THE IDEAS
mind exalted at the expense of the
STATED.
general intellect.”

- Edgar Allan Poe, “Eleonora”

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 How do you rewrite a text
ESSENTIAL
QUESTION without changing the context
of ideas?

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HOW DOES PARAPHRASING BECOME AN
INTEGRATIVE SKILL FOR WRITING ACADEMIC
PAPERS?

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 PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING WORDS

Changing a part of speech allows

writers to replace words with a new part of
speech, such as a noun with a verb or an
adjective with an adverb.

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PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING WORDS

Steps:
1. Identify which words can be changed,
whether it is from a noun to a verb,
adjective to an adverb, and/or vice versa.
2. Rewrite the sentence or passage.
3. Check if the original and paraphrased
sentences are similar in meaning.
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 PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING WORDS

ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

Wake up with Wake up

determination; go determined; go to
to bed with bed satisfied.
satisfaction.

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HOW DOES CHANGING A WORD MAKE A
DIFFERENCE IN PARAPHRASING A TEXT?

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 PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING WORDS

Original: “Find opportunities to execute

the project before giving up,” mentors have
told mentees time and time again.

Paraphrased: Mentors have advised that

the execution of found opportunities should
be done before giving up.
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 PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING WORDS

Original: The key to success is to focus on

goals, not obstacles.

Paraphrased: We succeed when goals,

not obstacles, are the focus.

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 PARAPHRASING BY USING SYNONYMS

Using synonyms allows writers to use

words that are different from the
original text with the same or similar
meanings in the paraphrased text.

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 PARAPHRASING BY USING SYNONYMS

Original: The semisolid nature of the

material allowed for more creative ideas.

Paraphrased: The plasma-like material

made more innovative concepts possible.

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A WRITER CAN USE A THESAURUS, OR EVEN A
DICTIONARY, TO FIND SYNONYMS FOR THE
VARIOUS WORDS IN THE ORIGINAL TEXT.

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 PARAPHRASING BY USING SYNOYMS

ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

In order to hold the In order to hold the

musical note to its musical note to the
finality, the violinist end, the violinist
must utilize his should maximize
entire bow. the use of his bow.
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 PARAPHRASING BY USING SYNONYMS

Original: The harder you work for

something, the greater you’ll feel when you
achieve it.

Paraphrased: The harder you work for

your goal, the better you’ll feel when it is
accomplished.
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CHANGING NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES INTO DIFFERENT
FORMS

Instead of using
numbers and
percentages, they
can be
represented in
other ways.

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THE NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES SHOULD BE
ACCURATE AND CLOSELY RELATED TO ONE
ANOTHER.

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CHANGING NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES INTO DIFFERENT
FORMS

Original: Only 20 respondents answered

the survey.

Paraphrased: Less than half of the 50

participants answered the survey.

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CHANGING NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES INTO DIFFERENT
FORMS

ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

More than half of Less than two-thirds

the bread was of the bread was
covered in mold covered in mold
after three days. after three days.

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HOW CAN USING DIFFERENT FORMS OF
NUMBERS BE A USEFUL PARAPHRASING
TECHNIQUE?

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CHANGING NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES INTO DIFFERENT
FORMS

Original: The experiment took more than

three weeks to observe and accomplish.

Paraphrased: The experiment was done

in less than a month.

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HOW CAN PARAPHRASED TEXTS BE DIFFERENT
WHEN ONE SET OF TECHNIQUES UTILIZES
CHANGING THE WORD AND THE OTHER USES
CHANGING THE SENTENCE FORM?

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PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE WORD
ORDER

Changing the word order allows writers to

change from the active voice to the
passive voice or vice versa.

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PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE WORD
ORDER
Original: The researchers observed the
child’s behavior for a week before reaching
conclusions.

Paraphrased: The child’s behavior was

observed by the researchers for a week
before reaching conclusions.
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PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE WORD
ORDER
ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

The results showed The milk spoiled

that milk did spoil when left for a few
after a few hours hours at room
when left at room temperature,
temperature. according to the
results.
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PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE WORD
ORDER
ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

Data collected from The participants’

the participants experiences in
were all eating at fast-food
experiences in restaurants served
eating at fast-food as data.
restaurants.
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RESEARCH AND OTHER WRITTEN OUTPUT MAY
REQUIRE DIFFERENT KINDS OF DEFINITIONS.

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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT DEFINITION
STRUCTURES

Utilizing different definition structures

allows the writer to change definitions
from one structure to another.

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THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF DEFINITIONS:
● FORMAL DEFINITION,
● INFORMAL DEFINITION, AND
● EXTENDED DEFINITION.

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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT DEFINITION
STRUCTURES

Original: The future is a time or period

that is regarded as still to come.

Paraphrased: The future is a time or

period that is unknown to everyone, as it
has still yet to happen and be experienced.

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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT DEFINITION
STRUCTURES
ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

Cabinets are used Cabinets are

for storage space, equipped with
as they can fit all shelves and
kinds of things: drawers in order to
clothes, toys, bags, function as storage
and junk. space for a variety
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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT DEFINITION
STRUCTURES
Original: Light bulbs are actually glass
inserted into a lamp or a socket in a ceiling
to provide light by passing an electric
current through a filament.

Paraphrased: Light bulbs provide light by

being a part of a lamp and having
electricity.
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HOW DID THE ORIGINAL DEFINITIONS DIFFER
FROM THE PARAPHRASED ONES?

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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTION
SIGNALS

Utilizing different attribution signals means

using directed and reported speech for
the paraphrased material.

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REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT QUOTATIONS
MAY VARY IN VERB TENSE.

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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTION
SIGNALS

Original: Jack Ma said, “I don’t want to be

liked. I want to be respected.”

Paraphrased: Jack Ma said that he would

rather be respected than liked.

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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTION
SIGNALS
Original: Ninoy Aquino said, “If we
Filipinos cannot fight for our freedom, we
do not deserve it.”

Paraphrased: Aquino said that if we

Filipinos cannot fight for our freedom, then
we do not deserve it.
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 UTILIZING DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTION
SIGNALS
Original: One Hebrew proverb says, “The
end product is found in the first thoughts.”

Paraphrased: According to a Hebrew

proverb, it is said that a conclusion can be
found as early as in the first stages of
thinking.
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 CHANGING THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND USING DIFFERENT
CONNECTING WORDS

Changing the sentence structure and using

different connecting words allows the
writer to completely change the
sentence structure and add
conjunctions.

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TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES INCLUDE
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX, AND
COMPOUND-COMPLEX.

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 CHANGING THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND USING DIFFERENT
CONNECTING WORDS

ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED

I am the master of The poem

my fate, I am the “Invictus” says the
captain of my soul. famous lines that
(“Invictus”) we are the masters
of our fate, and we
are captains of our
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 CHANGING THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND USING DIFFERENT
CONNECTING WORDS

Original: The results showed there was no

change in the state of the children, even
after eating sugar.

Paraphrased: Even if the children had

eaten sugar, there was no change in their
state.
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 CHANGING THE SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND USING DIFFERENT
CONNECTING WORDS

Original: Ideas and concepts may have

multiple functions. They help create new
concepts and innovations.

Paraphrased: Ideas and concepts have

multiple functions, as they may help create
new concepts and innovations.
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WHAT ARE SOME TIPS ON USING THESE SPECIFIC
PARAPHRASING TECHNIQUES?

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 TIPS ON PARAPHRASING

● Do not change technical terms and proper nouns.

● Cite your sources accordingly when you
paraphrase material.
● The lengths of the two sentences or passages
should be the same, more or less.
● The meaning of the sentences should stay the
same.

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ATTEMPT
TO “Hercules himself could not
PARAPHRAS cope with two assailants.” —
E THIS
Latin proverb
TEXT.

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What techniques did you use for your
own paraphrase?

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QUESTION

Is it possible to use multiple paraphrase

techniques in a text?

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QUESTION

How do changing the words and changing

the sentence structure differ in terms of
content?

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There are several techniques
that can be utilized to
paraphrase effectively:
● change of words, and
● change of sentence
structure.
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Do not change proper nouns
and technical terms when
paraphrasing.

Maintain the meaning of the

text when paraphrasing
material. 51
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