Chapter
Chapter 5 5 : :
REACTIVITY
Reactivity
5.1 Reactivity
and
displacement
reactions
Reactivity series
Metal
with
oxygen
Metal
with
water
Metal
with
acid
Displacement
reaction
Example 1
Copper sulfate + iron > iron sulfate + copper
Iron is more reactive than copper. Iron displace copper.
Copper covers the iron strip. Blue copper sulfate solution changes to
paler color
But if copper metal put into iron sulfate – no reaction
• Example 2
Copper + silver
sulfate > copper
sulfate + silver
Copper is more
reactive than
silver. Silver metal
formed – settle on
copper wire
5.2 Using displacement reaction
Extracting metals in industry
Example: extracting iron
Use metal that is more reactive than iron, e.g.
Aluminium
Aluminium + iron oxide > aluminium oxide + iron
This reaction need to be ignited (by heat). The
reaction itself will produce a lot of heat
(exothermic), thus, the iron produced is in molten
form.
- Welding railway –the molten iron produced is
Extract metal
from ores
• Example 2: Using
carbon to extract
metals from ores
• Ores are rocks that
contain metal
compound (copper
oxide. Zinc oxide,
iron oxide …)
• Eg :Iron oxide +
carbon > Iron +
carbon dioxide
5.3 Salts
Few methods making salt
Method 1 : Using acid
Salt formed from acid has its
name end with –ate, -ide
Acid + metal > salt + hydrogen
e.g – sodium + hydrochloric
acid > sodium chloride +
hydrogen (word equation) –
symbol equation?
Crystallization of
salt
• Method 2: Using metal oxide
Metal oxide + acid > salt + water
E.g.
• Method 3: Using carbonates and acid
Carbonates itself are salts – formed by carbonic acid
with metal
Carbonates can form other salts by reacting with acid
Carbonates + acid > salt + water + carbon dioxide
e.g. hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate > calcium
chloride + water + carbon dioxide
Limestone is made of calcium carbonate. Skeletons of
coral in the sea also are of calcium carbonate. When it
react with acid, it produces carbon dioxide that
dissolve in the sea making it slightly acidic. The salt
produced (calcium chloride), make the water salty.
Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium carbonate
> magnesium chloride + water + carbon
dioxide
MgCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) +
CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
• Method 4: Using acid and alkali
(neutralization)
Acid + alkali > salt + water
E.g. sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric
acid > sodium chloride + water
NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
Difference between base and alkali
• Both are low in pH, react with acid to
form salt (neutralization)
• Base are solid, when it dissolves in
water, it forms alkali
• Metal oxides are bases. If it solubilize
in water, it forms alkali, for example
sodium oxide.
• Some oxides are not soluble in water :
copper oxide
5.5 Rearranging atoms
• In chemical reactions, atoms rearrange
themselves to form new compounds
• No atom were lost, nor any new ones
produced
• Example: hydrochloric acid + zinc → zinc chloride +
hydrogen
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl₂ + H₂
All elements in the reactants also present
in the products, nothing new produced,
Conservation of mass
• Look at page 196, who is
correct?
• The mass you begin with in a
chemical reaction is the mass
you end up with. Nothing is lost
nor added. This is the law of
conservation of mass
But, see page 198, if ..…
Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric
acid >
Calcium chloride + water +
carbon dioxide
Why mass decrease?
• Heating magnesium
cause mass increase?
[Link] magnesium in
the crucible
[Link] up, open the lid
from time to time
[Link] magnesium will
turn to ash
[Link] them again
Magnesium + oxygen >
magnesium oxide
Exothermic and endothermic reaction
• Energy is involved in all chemical reaction.
• It is used to break bonds between elements in the
compound, and when new compound is formed, energy is
released
• Exothermic – energy that released when forming new
bonds in the products is more than the energy which
break bonds in the reactants.
e.g. sodium in water: sodium + water > sodium hydroxide
+ hydrogen
Fizzes vigorously and flames formed.
• Endothermic – energy taken in to break bonds in the
reactants is higher than the energy released when
forming new bonds in the products
E.g. Sodium hygencarbonate + citric acid (candy) >
sodium citric + water + carbon dioxide