بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Microprocessor
Prepared by : DR. Ala Eldin Abdallah
Awouda.
Lecture No 1 1
:Reference Book
The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors, Walter .1
.A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Fourth Edition
Microprocessors and Interfacing .2
Programming and Hardware, Douglas V. Hall,
Second Edition
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:Contents
.Introduction .1
.? What is Computer .2
.? What is Microprocessor .3
.? What is CPU .4
Operation Types in a .5
.Microprocessor
.Microprocessor interfacing .6
.The Intel 8086 Microprocessor .7
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??Why
A Microprocessor is great at solving problems, but if it
can’t communicate with the outside world, it is of little
worth.
A Microcomputer performs a task by reading and
executing the set of instructions written in its memory.
This set of instructions, written in a sequence, is called
a program.
Each instruction in the program is a command, in
binary, to the microprocessor to perform an operation.
Assembly language is low level language.
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Introduction 1-1
The Microprocessor is something like the heart of a computer.
The microprocessor world become more complicated.
The item processor was solely used for the central processing
unit (CPU) of the von-Neuman-model.
The microprocessor can be programmed to perform functions
on given data by writing specific instructions into its memory.
The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, matches it
with its instruction set, and performs the data manipulation
specified. The result is either stored back into memory or
displayed on an output device.
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??? What is Computer 1-2
Data Processing
Computer
Data Storage
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Major Components of a Computer
MEMORY
I/O
SYSTEM
BUS
Computer
CPU
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? What is Microprocessor 1-3
CPU
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? What is CPU 1-4
Control Unit & Instruction Decoder
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Registers
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To synchronize and control the
overall operation of the P system
Control Unit & Instruction
Decoder
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
To decode instruction andRegisters
pass the necessary control signals to CU
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To perform the arithmetic and
logical operations within the CPU
Control Unit & Instruction
Decoder
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Registers
To perform shift and rotate
operations that may either be
arithmetic or logical in nature
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Control and Status Registers •
User-Variable Registers •
Control Unit & Instruction
Decoder
A set of internal storage
locations within the CPU
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Registers
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... Past Microprocessors
Intel 4004 - The first microprocessor :1971
on the market
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Operation Types in a 1-5
Microprocessor
All of the operations of the
microprocessor can be classified into
one of three:
- Microprocessor Initiated
Operations.
- Internal Operations.
- Peripheral Initiated Operations.
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Microprocessor Initiated
Operations
These are operations that the microprocessor
itself starts.
These are usually one of four operations:
Memory Read.
Memory Write.
I/O Write(Send data to an output device).
I/O Read (Get data from an input device).
It is important to note that the microprocessor
treats
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memory and I/O devices the same way.
Lecture No 1 15
Microprocessor Internal
Operations
The microprocessor can perform a
number of internal operations such
as:
1. Storing Data.
2. Logic Operations.
3. Testing for Condition.
4. Arithmetic Operations.
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Microprocessor interfacing 1-6
A microprocessor communicates with other
devices using some of its pins.
Processor’s software reads and writes a port
just like a register. Processor has one or more
N-bit ports.
Processor has address, data and control ports
that form a single bus.
Communication protocol is built into the
processor.
A single instruction carries out the read or
write protocol on the bus.
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The Intel 8086 1-7
Microprocessor
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Components of Intel 8086 1-8
Architecture
The components of Intel 8086
microprocessor are:
1. Buses.
2. Memory.
3. Registers.
4. I/O Units.
5. Control Unit (CU).
6. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
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Von Neumann Architecture 1-9
Early computer programs were hard wired. To
reprogram a computer mean to change the hardware
switches manually, that took a long time with
potential errors. The computer memory was only
used for storing data.
Dr John von Neumann suggested in 1946 that data
and programs should be stored together in
memory, it is now called Von Neumann architecture.
The von Neumann processor has been the foundation
of computing from the start. In it the programs are
fetched from memory for executions by a central
unit that is what we call the CPU. Basically programs
and data are represented on memory in the same
way. The program is just data coded for special
meaning.
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… Cont
A computer design model that uses a processing unit
and a single separate storage structure to hold both
instructions and data.
• Named after mathematician and early computer scientist
John von Neumann.
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Components of Von 1-10
Neumann Architecture
The components of Von-Neumann
microprocessor are:
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
2. Control Unit (CU).
3. I/O Units.
4. Memory.
5. Buses.
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… Cont
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) :
The ALU is where calculation and logical operations take
place.
Control Unit :
The control unit controls the operations of the memory,
ALU, and the input/output subsystem.
Input/Output:
The input subsystem accepts input data and the program
from outside the computer; the output subsystem sends
the result of processing to the outside.
Memory :
Memory is the storage area. It is where programs and data
are stored during processing.
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STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT
The von Neumann model states that the program
must be stored in memory. This is totally
different from the architecture of early computers
in which only the data were stored in memory.
Both the data and programs should have the
same format because they are stored in
memory. They are, in fact, stored as binary
patterns (a sequence of 0s and 1s ) in memory.
SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION OF INSTRUCTIONS:
A program in the von Neumann model is made
of a finite number of instructions. In this model,
the control unit fetches one instruction from
memory,
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interprets Lecture
it, and No 1
then executes it. 25
Von Neumann microprocessor 1-11
A Von Neumann microprocessor is a processor
that follows this pattern:
1. Fetch: An instruction and the necessary data
are obtained from memory.
2. Decode: The instruction and data are
separated, and the components and
pathways required to execute the instruction
are activated.
3. Execute: The instruction is performed, the
data is manipulated, and the results are
stored.
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… Cont
The Execute is typically implemented by separating the
task to:
1. Control : The control unit reads the instruction, and
activates the appropriate parts of the datapath.
2. Datapath: The datapath is the pathway that the
data takes through the microprocessor. As the data
travels to different parts of the datapath, the
command signals from the control unit cause the
data to be manipulated in specific ways, according to
the instruction. The datapath consists of the circuitry
for transforming data and for storing temporary
data. It contains ALUs capable of transforming data
through operations such as addition, subtraction,
logical AND, OR, inverting, and shifting.
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Microprocessor Architecture
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MICROCOMPUTERS AND
.MICROPROCESSORS
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MICROCOMPUTERS AND
MICROPROCESSORS
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Intel 8086 CPU
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