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OSI Model: Digital Encoding Techniques

The document discusses various encoding methods used in digital communication, focusing on unipolar and polar encoding schemes. It explains different techniques such as Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ), Return-to-Zero (RZ), and Manchester encoding, highlighting their characteristics and synchronization capabilities. The importance of signal changes and voltage levels in representing binary data is emphasized throughout the document.

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8 views13 pages

OSI Model: Digital Encoding Techniques

The document discusses various encoding methods used in digital communication, focusing on unipolar and polar encoding schemes. It explains different techniques such as Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ), Return-to-Zero (RZ), and Manchester encoding, highlighting their characteristics and synchronization capabilities. The importance of signal changes and voltage levels in representing binary data is emphasized throughout the document.

Uploaded by

Aman
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

An exchange using the OSI model

Campus wide network architecture


Conversion methods
• Electrical signals can be of various types
• Analog , Digital
Digital to digital conversion ( encoding )
Encoding categories
Unipolar encoding

• A unipolar scheme is designed as a non-return-to-zero (NRZ)


• The average amplitude of unipolar signal is non zero
• 1 is encoded as +ve value
• 0 is encoded as zero
• For non chainging signal beginning & end of each bit can not be
determined
Polar
• In polar schemes, the voltages are on both
sides of the time axis
• It uses two voltage level (+ve , -Ve)
• Average voltage level on the line is reduced
• DC component problem can be solved
Polar encoding techniques
Non return to zero
• In this technique the level is either +ve or negative
• Two different type
• NRZ-L (level)
• the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit
– +Ve represented as 1 and -ve represented as 0 or vice versa
– Clock synchronization
• NRZ I (inversion)
• the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage determines
the value of the bit.
– If there is no change, the bit is 0;
– if there is a change, the bit is 1.
– Inversion of voltage level represents 1 bit
– The signal transition can be used for clock synchronization
NRZ L & NRZ I

• A good encoding technique must contain provision for synchronization


RZ encoding

• In RZ, the signal changes not between bits but during


the bit
• Ensures that there is signal change for every bit
• This requires three voltage level : +Ve zero, &
negative
Manchester & differential Menchester

• The signal changes at the middle of the interval but does not return to zero
• Manchester encoding : inversion at middle of each bit interval
• Negative to positive represent 1
• +ve to negative represent 0
• Differential Manchester : presence or absence of additional transition at the
beginning of interval is used for identifying the bit
• DM require two transition to represent zero and one for Binary 1

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