PHL 201: General Physiology,
Body fluids & Blood
The Body Fluid Compartments:
Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
Dr K.G. Ibrahim (aka Dr Ghandi)
Department of Physiology,
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Health Sciences,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
[Link]@[Link]
Sokoto.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Concept of balance
• Cells of complex multicellular organisms
survive within a narrow range of composition
of the extracellular fluid (ECF)
• The internal pool of a substance is the amount
of that substance in the ECF
• To maintain balance, input = output
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Concept of balance
Figure 1: Inputs and outputs from the internal pool of a body constituent
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Balance Concept
Fluid and electrolyte balances are necessary,
in the long-term, to maintain life.
Fluid Loss = Fluid Intake
Electrolyte Loss = Electrolyte Intake
Fluid Intake: regulated by thirst mechanism, habits
Electrolyte intake: governed by dietary habits
Fluid Output: regulated mainly by kidneys
Electrolyte output: regulated mainly by kidneys
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Total Body Water in Relation to Body Weight:
Effects of Gender, Body Build and Age
Body Build TBW (%) TBW (%) TBW (%)
Adult Male Adult Female Infant
Normal 60 50 70
Lean 70 60 80
Obese < 50 <42 <60
Increasing obesity decreases TBW %
Increasing age decreases TBW %
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
70 kg adult male
Body fluid
distribution
• Cell membrane: highly selective
• Capillary membrane: passage of water &
all plasma constituents except proteins
Note:
-Transcellular fluid (1-2L, csf, peritoneal,
pericardial, intraocular etc)
-Blood volume (5L)
Figure 2
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fluid Balance (ml/day) – 70 kg adult
Normal High Salt Diet
Intake (ml/day)
Fluids ingested 2100 4100
From metabolism 200 200
2300 4300
Output (ml/day)
Insensible - skin 350 350
Insensible – lungs 350 350
Sweat 100 100
Feces 100 100
Urine 1400 3400
2300 4300
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fluid Balance (ml/day) – 70 kg adult
Normal Heavy Exercise
Intake (ml/day)
Fluids ingested 2100 6400
From metabolism 200 200
2300 6600
Output (ml/day)
Insensible - skin 350 350
Insensible - lungs 350 650
Sweat 100 5000
Feces 100 100
Urine 1400 500
2300 6600
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Major differences between ECF&ICF
• Presence of cell proteins in the ICF that cannot
permeate the cell membrane to leave the cell
• The unequal distribution of Na+ and K+ and their
attendant anions due to the action of the NA +-K+
pump present in all cells
ECF= Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
ICF= K+, PO43-
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Control of Body Fluid Distribution
Distribution across cell membranes :
determined by osmotic forces
(mainly from electrolytes)
Distribution across capillaries :
determined by hydrostatic and
colloid osmotic forces
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Control of Body Fluid Distribution
The ECF is the intermediary in all exchanges
between the cells and the external environment
Plasma is the only fluid that can be
acted on directly to control its volume and
composition.
Control mechanisms acting on the plasma affect
the entire ECF
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Measuring Body Fluid Volumes:
Indicator Dilution Principle
Principle of conservation of mass
A
CA VA = C B VB
CA= Concentration A
VA = Volume A
CB = Concentration B
VB = Volume B
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Indicator Dilution Principle
Volume (B) = CAVA = Q (amt. injected)
CB C (after equilibrium)
Valid if:
• Indicator disperses only in compartment measured
• Indicator disperses evenly in compartment
• Indicator not metabolized or excreted (or
correction must be made for excretion/metabolism)
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Measuring Body Fluid
Compartments
Total Body water:
• D2O, 3H2O, antipyrine (C11H12N2O)
Extracellular fluid volume:
• 22Na, inulin, thiosulfate
Intracellular fluid =
total body water - extracellular fluid
Plasma volume:
• 125I-albumin, Evans Blue Dye
blood volume = plasma volume /(1 -HCT)
plasma volume = blood volume x (1 -HCT)
Interstitial fluid vol. =
Extracell fluid vol. - plasma vol.
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Question
You want to measure total body water in a
[Link] inject 10 ml of a solution of antipyrine
with a concentration of 150 mg/ml i.v. After
equilibrium, the concentration of antipyrine in the
blood is 0.03 mg/ml. What is the total body water of
this patient, assuming no excretion ?
Amount antipyrine injected (Q) =
10 ml x 150 mg/ml = 1500 mg
Total body water volume = Q / C (after equilibrium)
= 1500 mg / (.03 mg/ml) = 50,000 ml = 50 liters
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Question
Which two substances are best suited to
measure interstitial fluid volume ?
1. inulin and heavy water (D2O)
2. inulin and 22Na
3. heavy water and 125 I-albumin
4. inulin and 125 I-albumin
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Isosmotic - has same osmolarity as body fluids
Hyperosmotic - higher osmolarity than body fluids
Hyposmotic- lower osmolarity than body fluids
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
What are the Changes in the
following variables after giving
2.0 liters of water i.v. ?
Extracellular Fluid Volume ?
Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity ?
Intracellular Fluid Volume ?
Intracellular Fluid Osmolarity ?
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Effects of solutions on cell volume.
Isotonic
(no change)
Hypertonic
Hypotonic (cell shrinks)
(cell swells)
Figure 25-5
Copyright © 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.