Making of a global

Making ofworld
a global
world
 The 19th century (1815-1914)
1. The world saw major changes in economy
,politics,society,and technology
2. Economists identified 3 main international
flows,TRADE,LABOUR,CAPITAL

[Link] flows were deeply connected and im

-pacted peoples lives
 A world economy takes shape
1. In europe, food production and consumption
Patterns changed

2. Earlier countries preferred to grow their own food

In britain, this led to poor living standards
3. Population growth raised food demand
4. Government imposed CORN LAWS to restrict gain
imports
5. These laws were opposed and later removed due to
pressure from urban people and industrial
-ists.
 Abolition of Corns Laws
1. Corns laws removed- Britain started impor
-ting cheap food
2. Many farmers lost jobs and moved to cities
abroad
3. Lower food prices- increased and food impo
-rts
4. Countries like russia, america,australia expa
-nded farming to meet british need
 Need for Transport System
1. Railways and new harbors built to move goods fro
-m goods from farms to ports.
2. People settled new lands to farm,requiring housing
and infrastructure.
3. Needed capital and labour; major finance hubs like
London helped.
4. Around 50 million people migrated from europe for
Better lives.
5. 150 millions more moved globally, seeking
opportunities.
Irish imigrants waiting to board ship 1874
 Global Agricultural Economy
1. By 1890, farming became global with changes in
labor, capital, and technology.

2. Food ways now produced far away , not locally.

3. Large farms replaced small peasant farms, worked
by migrant laborers.
4. Food was transported by railways and ships
5. Much of the work was done by low paid workers
from europe, asia, africa, and the caribbean.
 The canal colonies
1. British built irrigation canals in West Punj
-ab to turn deserts into fertile farmland
2. These areas, called Canal Colonies were se
-ttled by peasants
3. Cotton and wheat were grown for export, es
-pecially to british textile mills
4. 60% of trade included Primary Products like
cotton, wheat, and coal.
 Role of technology
1. Railways, steamships, telegraphy transformed
the 19th century world.

2. Colonization led to
Investments in transport
faster railways, lig
-hter wagons,and bigger
ships-making trade fast
-er and cheaper.
 The trade in meat
1. Before 1870s animals were shipped live from Ame
-rica to Europe, which was costly and risky.
2. Meat was a luxury for the poor in Europe.

3. Invention of refrigerated ships allowed transport of

frozen meat from America, Australia, and New Zealand
4. This lowered prices, reduced shipping costs, and
improved diets for European poor.
5. Result better health and stronger support for
imperialism.
The smithfield club cattle show
 Colonialism in 19th century
[Link] and markets grew, but it was not all
postive.
2. Expansion brought loss of freedom and live
-lihood in many region.
3. European conquests caused economic, soci
-al and ecological changes in colonized socie
-ties.
 Rinderpest : the cattle plague
1. In 1890s Africa , Rinderpest destroyed liveli
-hoods.
2. Africa had plenty of land and few people, with
Traditional farming.
3. After the plague, European used land for
Plantation and mines to export to europe.
 The shortage of labor
1. Colonizers faced labor shortages for planta
-tions and mines.
2. To force people to work, they:
*Imposed heavy taxes
*Changed inheritance laws to push more into
labor
*Restricted movement of mineworkers.
 ARRIVAL OF RINDERPEST
1. Rinderpest entered Africa in the 1880s via
Infected cattle from British Asia.
2. It spread rapidly during the Italian invasion
of Eritrea.
 Indentured labor migration
1. The 19th century saw fast economic growth but
also poverty and misery

2. Indian and Chinese workers went abroad to work

In plantation , mines and railways
3. In india indentured laborers signed contracts prom
-ising return travel after 5 years of work.
 Recruitment of workers
1. Indian indentured workers came from region like
Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Central India and Tamil Nadu.

2. In the mid 19th century , these areas faced economic

decline ;poor people migrated to find work.

[Link] were sent to Caribbean islands(like Trinidad ,

Guyana) , Mauritius , Fiji , Ceylon , Malaya , and Assam
for plantation work.
 The new system of slavery
1. Agents recruited migrants for a small commision.

2. Migrants hoped to escape poverty but were misled

with false information.
3. Some were not told about long sea journey; some
were forcibly taken.

4. Conditions were harsh with few legal rights, similar

to slavery.
 Collective self-expression
[Link] trinidad, the Muharram festival became a cultural

2. Rastafarianism shows indo-Carribean cultural links.

3. Chutney music , popular in trinidad and guyana, ex

-presses post-indenture culture.
4. Cultural fusion les to new mixed identities and
traditions.
 Indian entrepreneurs abroad
1. Growing global crops needed capital from banks
and markets.

2. Shikarpuri Shroffs and Chettiars helped finance exp

-ort agriculture in central and southeast Asia
3. They had advanced systems for money transfer and
business networks
4. Indian traders like Hyderabad Sindhi Traders went
to Africa and beyond.
5. From the 1860s they set up business at
ports, selling goods to tourists.
 The opium trade
1. From the 1820s ,opium exports to China became
Indias biggest export.

2. Britain grew opium in India and sold it to China to

finance its tea and other imports.
3. British goods flooded Indian markets.

4. But India imported more from Britain than exported.

5. This gave Britain a trade surpius with India ,helping

pay for trade with other countries.
 Multilateral settlement system
1. A system where one countrys deficit is paid
using countrys surplus.

2. India helped Britain pay its deficits, playing

a key role in the world economy.

3. Indias trade surplus helped pay for British

officials pensions, debts, and remittances.
 The indian trade
1. Fine Indian cotton was expected to Europe.
2. British industrialists pushed for restrictions on indi
-an imports to protect their industries.
3. Tariffd reduced indian cotton imports to Britain, hu
-rting Indian trade.
4. By the 19th century, Britain sold cloth abroad; india
faced tough competition.

5. Indian textile share fell from 30% in 1800 to 3% by

1870s.
 The first modern industrial war
1. Involved powerful industrial nations using
Modern weapons like machine guns, aircraft
and chemical weapons.

2. War was fought on a large scale, with millions

of soldiers and massive destruction.
3. Around 9 millions died and 20 millions were
injured a level of destruction never seen
before industrialization.