Introduction
Chapter 1
Computer Organization and Computer
Architecture
• Computer Organization
– Computer Organization refers to the logical structure of
the system.
– It tells how exactly all the units in the system are
arranged and interconnected.
• Computer Architecture
– Computer Architecture is concerned with the way
hardware components are connected together to form a
computer system.
– It is the set of resources seen by the computer
programmer such as addressing modes, registers etc.
Computer Organization Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture is concerned with Computer Organization is concerned
the way hardware components are with the structure and behaviour of a
connected together to form a computer computer system as seen by the user.
system.
It acts as the interface between It deals with the components of a
hardware and software. connection in a system.
Computer Architecture helps us to Computer Organization tells us how
understand the functionalities of a exactly all the units in the system are
system. arranged and interconnected.
A programmer can view architecture in Whereas Organization expresses the
terms of instructions, addressing modes realization of architecture.
and registers.
While designing a computer system An organization is done on the basis of
architecture is considered first. architecture.
Computer Architecture deals with high- Computer Organization deals with low-
level design issues. level design issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction Organization involves Physical
sets, Addressing modes, Data types, Components (Circuit design, Adders,
Cache optimization) Signals, Peripherals)
Review of Evolution of Computer System
Basic Structure of Computer System
Basic structure of Computer System
Structure of Computer System
Input Unit
• This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit
makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information
into the form understandable by computer.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data
processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program). It
controls the operation of all parts of computer.
• CPU itself has following three components
• ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Memory Unit
• Control Unit
Output Unit
• Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from
computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the
computer’s output into the form understandable by users.
Structure of CPU
• Some major components of CPU are
1. Control Unit : It controls the overall operations
of the CPU.
2. ALU : It performs arithmetic and logical
operations.
3. Registers : It provides storage inside the CPU.
4. CPU Interconnection : It provides
communication between register, ALU and
control unit.
Structure of Control Unit
• The structure of control unit contains the
following components:
1. Sequence logic: Digital circuit whose output
depends on current input and state of
circuits.
2. Control Memory: The registers which stores
the data related to the controlled operation.
Examples of Computer Families
• A computer family is a category of computers
with similar designs and microprocessors that
are compatible.
• While not all computer families have
successive generations, they do share the
same architecture.
• Examples of different computer families are
the IBM or PC family versus the Apple or Mac
family of computers.
Future Trends in Computer
1. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
AI and ML are changing the way people interact with technology. They’re driving
automation, creating intelligent systems, and enabling new applications in fields
such as healthcare, finance and transportation.
Moreover, artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used on blockchains
for various purposes, such as fraud detection, risk assessment and predictive
analytics.
2. Quantum computing
The promise of quantum computers is that they will be able to tackle issues that
traditional computers cannot. They use quantum bits (qubits) to carry out
calculations concurrently and exponentially more quickly than conventional
computers.
3. Blockchain technology
Blockchain technology’s primary use case is the creation of decentralized and
secure digital records that can be used for various purposes. One of the most well-
known applications of blockchain technology is in the creation of
cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin , which are digital assets that can be used as a
medium of exchange.
Future Trends in Computer
4. Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT refers to the process of connecting physical objects to the
internet so they can communicate and collect data. It has
applications in fields such as manufacturing and healthcare
and can be found in smart homes and wearable technology.
5. Biometrics
Biometrics involves the use of physical or behavioral
characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial recognition, for
identification and authentication. It has potential applications
in areas like banking, healthcare, metaverses and law
enforcement.
Future Trends in Computer
6. 5G networks
The next generation of wireless networks, or 5G networks, offers higher speed and
reduced latency than 4G networks. They have the potential to enable new
applications like remote surgery and smart transportation systems.
7. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR)
Augmented reality and virtual reality have the potential to enhance the user
experience in various fields, including gaming, education, training and entertainment.
Users can interact with digital things in the actual world using AR technology, for
instance, and can completely immerse themselves in a virtual environment using VR
technology.
For example, AR can be used in the retail sector to create virtual product displays,
while VR can be utilized in the travel sector to generate virtual tours of locations.
8. Edge computing
Instead of delivering data to a central server, edge computing processes it at the
network’s edge. This makes it ideal for applications like self-driving cars and smart
cities because it can result in quicker processing times and less network congestion.
Future Trends in Computer
[Link]
Robotics involves the design, construction and
operation of robots that can perform tasks
autonomously or with human guidance.
The use of autonomous drones for crop
monitoring and management is one example
of how robotics is used in agriculture.