Physical Science
Module 2:
How the Properties of
Matter Relate
to their Chemical
Structure
Physical property of
Matter- characteristics that
can observe or measured
without changing the
substance’s chemical
identity.
Color, density, melting and
Chemical property of
matter- observed
when a substance
undergoes a chemical
change, transforming
into a new substance
After going through this module, you are expected
to:
1. determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar
given its structure
(S11/12 PS-IIIC-15)
Learning Objectives:
a. define operationally polar and nonpolar
molecules
b. identify the basic molecular shape and the type
of bond of the molecule
c. determine the polarity of chemical bonds
between atoms using the concept of
electronegativity
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
The way atoms bond with one
another is referred to as polarity.
When atoms are chemically bond
together, they share electrons. When
one of the atoms in a bond has a
stronger attractive force on the
electrons in the link, it forms a polar
molecule.
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
The polarity of a bond is determined by a
periodic concept called electronegativity.
Electronegativity is an expression of an atom’s
tendency to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
To determine the polarity of a bond, you must
find the difference in the electronegativities of
the atoms involved. If the difference is between
0.4 and 1.7, the bond
will be polar. If the difference is greater, the
bond will have an ionic trait.
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
This means that the electrons will be taken
from the less electronegative element and
spend all their time orbiting the more
electronegative element. If the difference in
the electronegativities is smaller than 0.4,
the bond will be nonpolar covalent. This
means that the electrons will be shared
equally between the atoms and the bond will
not have a polar character.
Figure 1. Pauling Electronegativity Values
Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference
(∆EN)
Ionic ≥1.7
Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4
Type of bond based on electronegativity
difference (∆EN) of bonded atoms
For example, you are asked to determine
what type of bond present between the
following pairs of atoms by determining
their electronegativity
difference.
Ca and Cl
EN Ca = 1.0
EN Cl = 3.0
(∆EN) = 1.0 – 3.0 = │-2.0│= 2.0
Ionic Bond
Cl and Cl
EN Cl = 3.0
EN Cl = 3.0
(∆EN) = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
H and Cl
EN H = 2.1
EN Cl= 3.0
∆EN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = │-0.9│= 0.9
Polar Covalent Bond
Lewis Dot Structure
Octet Rule
Geometry of molecules
To explain the difference between polar and nonpolar
covalent bonds using the examples above. When two
atoms share electrons unequally, a polar covalent
bond is produced. An electric dipole is formed
by a bonded pair of atoms. A molecule has one
positive end and one negative end, which is referred to
as a dipole. The atom with the higher EN value
becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as
-) and the atom with the lower EN value becomes the
partially positive (symbolized as +) pole in this
sort of relationship. Always remember that the arrow points
from a more electropositive pole to a more electronegative
pole.
For example, in HCl, H has a
larger EN than Cl, therefore the
arrow points from H to Cl, and
the electron density is unequal
as indicated by the size of the
circle. A nonpolar covalent bond,
on the other hand, forms when
both atoms share electrons
equally.
When the bonding of atoms has
almost equal EN values or the ability
to attract electrons to each side, this
happens. When two chlorine atoms
come together, they form a nonpolar
covalent connection.
You've just learned how to calculate
the electronegativity difference
between atoms to determine the
type of bond polarity (specifically
two atoms). The next question is,
what about molecules with more
than two atoms, such as H2O, CCl4,
NH3, and CO2?.
The total molecular polarity is
determined by both the bond
polarity and the molecular shape in
polyatomic compounds. The valence
shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
theory would aid us in determining
the spatial arrangement of atoms in
a polyatomic molecule in terms of
molecular geometry
The following steps can be used to determine a
substance's form or molecular geometry:
Step 1: Determine the molecule's central atom. The
least electronegative element is the center atom.
Step 2: For the molecule, draw the proper Lewis dot
structure.
Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs and
non-bonding (or lone pairs) electrons surrounding
the center atom.
Step 4: Using the total number of electron pairs,
determine the electron pair orientation.
Step 5: Name the shape depending on the atoms'
positions.
Molecular geometry is the three-
dimensional arrangement of the
atoms that constitute a molecule.
It includes the general shape of
the molecule as well as bond
lengths, bond angles, torsional
angles and any other geometrical
parameters that determine the
position of each atom.
POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
AND ITS
PROPERTIES
Direction: Analyze the lyrics of the song “Tubig at Langis” and answer
the questions below.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the message of the song?
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2. If you add oil to the water, what will happen? Will it create a
single homogenous phase, or will it form two layers? Why?
______________________________________________________________
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3. Why do you think water and oil cannot be mixed even when
heated? Support your answer.
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TUBIG AT LANGIS
Sharon Cuneta
Tubig at langis, ang katayuan nati'y yan ang kawangis
Pilitin mang magsam'y may mahahapis
Ganyang-ganyan tayong dalawa
Ang panuntunan'y magkaiba
Langis at tubig, 'di mapagsama ng tunay mang pag-
ibig
Hinanakit ang s'yang laging mananaig
Mahal na mahal man kita
May mahal ka namang iba
Tubig at langis
Idarang man sa init, 'di rin tatamis
Dahil ang halo'y luha't paghihinagpis
Ang kirot ay di maalis kung labis
Bakit nanaig ang dusa sa ligaya sa 'ting daigdig?
May dasal ba akong hindi N'ya narinig?
Papel natin sa pag-ibig
Ako'y langis, ika'y tubig
Tubig at langis
Idarang man sa init, 'di rin tatamis
Dahil ang halo'y luha't paghihinagpis
Ang kirot ay di maalis kung labis
Bakit nanaig ang dusa sa ligaya sa 'ting daigdig?
May dasal ba akong hindi N'ya narinig?
Papel natin sa pag-ibig
Ako'y langis, ika'y tubig
Ako'y langis, ika'y tubig
Ako'y langis, ika'y tubig
Water Molecule
At standard temperature and
pressure (STP), water is a chemical
compound and polar molecule that is
liquid. Water has the chemical
formula H2O, which means that each
molecule contains two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom.
The polar polarity of the water
molecule is an important property.
With hydrogen atoms at the tips
and oxygen at the vertex, the
water molecule creates an angle.
The side of the molecule with the
oxygen atom has a partial
negative charge because oxygen
has a higher electronegativity
than hydrogen.
The polarity of the molecules has a
significant impact on water solubility.
Because polar molecules have both positive
and negative parts, they will interact
with other molecules according to the
electrostatic attraction/repulsion law. When
making a solution of water (polar molecule)
and salt (ionic substance with + and -
ions), for example, the molecules and ions
will interact
In the same way that negative Chlorine ions are attracted to the
partially positive section of water, the sodium ion will be attracted
to the partially negative region of the molecule (Oxygen).
Because of this attraction the positive ions (sodium) will be
surrounded by the partially negative oxygen dipole in water. On
the other hand, negative ions (chlorine) will be surrounded by the
partially positive hydrogen dipole in water.
To achieve solubility, the substances must
have the same polarity, as defined by the
principle "LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE." As a
result, polar chemicals dissolve in
polar solvents, while nonpolar
substances dissolve in nonpolar
solvents. This is due to the structural
and ion distribution similarities in the
molecules.
Physical Properties of Covalent Compounds
Let us define the physical properties of
substances:
A. Boiling point: temperature at which the
vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure of a
liquid substance are equal.
B. Melting point: temperature at which solid
becomes liquid. At this point, the solid and
liquid phases exist in equilibrium.
C. Surface tension: energy needed to
increase the surface area by a unit
amount;
[Link]: the resistance of the liquid
to flow
E. Vapor pressure: pressure exerted by
a substance in its gaseous state.
F. Volatility: measures the rate at which
a substance vaporizes (changes from
liquid to gas)