Atoms and Molecules.
By: Sai Nikitha, Praneetha, Hasnain and A. Sri Sai Charan.
Maharishi Kanad : An Indian
philosopher around 500 BC.
Pakudha Katyayama: An Indian
philosopher who lived around 6th
century BCE.
Democritus: Ancient Greek
philosopher. He termed the smallest
particle as ‘atom’.
Leucippus: Ancient Greek philosopher.
He is the first philosopher to propose
atomism.
Antoine L. Lavoisier: He was the French nobleman
and chemist. He laid foundation of chemical
sciences by establishing two important laws of
chemical combination.
Joseph L. Proust: He is a French chemist, he
helped Lavoisier in experimentation of
chemical combination.
Law of conservation of mass.
Law of conservation of mass
states that mass can neither be
created nor be destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
Law of constant proportions.
In a chemical substance the
elements are always present in
definite proportions by mass.
John Dalton: He was an English chemist,
physicist and meteorologist. He is best
known for introducing the atomic theory
Daltons Atomic theory.
• All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a specific element are identical in mass, size, and other properties.
However, atoms of different element exhibit different properties and vary in mass
and size.
• Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. Furthermore, atoms cannot be
divided into smaller particles.
• Atoms of different elements can combine with each other in fixed whole-number
ratios in order to form compounds.
• Atoms can be rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions.
What Is An Atom?
How small is an atom?
Symbols for some atoms as proposed by Dalton.
What Are The Modern Day Symbols Of Atoms.
Atomic mass.
Scientists use the relative atomic
mass scale to compare the masses of
different atoms of elements. Atoms
of carbon-12 isotopes are assigned a
relative atomic mass of 12 and the
relative masses of all other atoms are
obtained by comparison with the
mass of a carbon-12 atom.
The old SI unit was ‘amu’, which
means atomic mass unit.
The SI unit is ‘u’ , which means
unified mass.
How do atoms exist?
An atom is the smallest particle of the element that cannot usually exist
independently and retain all its chemical properties.
What is a Molecule?
A molecule is in general a group
of two or more atoms that are
chemically bonded together.
A molecule is the smallest
particle of an element or a
compound capable of
independent existence under
ordinary conditions.
It shows all the properties of
the substance.
Molecules of Elements.
Atomicity: No. of atoms present in a molecule of an is element is called atomicity.
Monoatomic: When atomicity of molecule is 1, it is called monoatomic. Ex- Helium(He);
Neon(Ne); Argon(Ar); etc.
Diatomic: When atomicity of molecule is 2, it is called diatomic. Ex- Hydrogen();
Nitrogen(); Oxygen(); etc.
Triatomic: When atomicity of molecule is 3, it is called triatomic. Ex- Ozone(); Water(); etc.
Tetra atomic: When atomicity of molecule is 4, it is called tetra atomic. Ex- Phosphorous();
Nitrate(); Carbonate(); etc.
Polyatomic: When atomicity of molecule is more than 3, it is called polyatomic. Ex-
Phosphate(); Hydrogen carbonate(); Sulphate(); etc.
Molecules of compounds.
Atoms of different elements
join together in definite
proportions to form molecules
of compound.
What is an ion?
The charged species are called ions.
negatively charged ions are called
'anion', for example: bromide hydride
nitride etc.
positively charged particles are called
'cation', for example:
sodium silver etc.
cluster of atoms that act as an ion are
called polyatomic ions. they carry a
fixed charge on them. for example:
ammonium hydroxide, phosphate etc.
Writing Chemical Formulae.
The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its
composition.
The rules that you have to follow while writing a chemical formula are as follows:
• The valences or charges on the ion must balance.
• When a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the name or
symbol of the metal is written first. For example: calcium oxide (CaO)
• In compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is enclosed in a
bracket before writing the number to indicate the ratio. In case the number of
polyatomic ion is one, the bracket is not required. For example, NaOH
Formulae of simple compounds.
1. Hydrogen chloride: 4. Magnesium chloride:
5. Aluminium oxide:
2. Hydrogen sulphide:
6. Calcium oxide:
3. Carbon tetrachloride:
7. Ammonium sulphate:
8. Calcium hydroxide:
Molecular mass.
The molecular mass of a
substance is the sum of atomic
masses of all the atoms in a
molecule.
Click icon to add picture
Formula Mass unit.
The formula unit mass of a
substance is a sum of the atomic
masses of all atoms in a formula
unit of a compound.
Formula unit mass is calculated in
the same manner as we calculate Click icon to add picture
the molecular mass.
The only difference is that we use
the word formula unit for those
substances whose constituent
particles are ions
Quiz time!
Quiz time!
1. Calculate the formula mass unit of . (Zn= 65u; Cl= 35.5)
2. Name the elements present in the compound Quick lime and baking powder.
3. Write down the formulae of:
i. Sodium oxide
ii. Aluminium chloride
iii. Magnesium hydroxide
iv. Sodium sulphide
4. Write down the names of compounds:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
1. The atomic symbol of silver is —————
(a) Si
(b) S
(c) Au
(d) Ag
2. Which of the following is the correct pair of atom and its atomic symbol?
(a) Sulphur – Su
(b) Potassium – P
(c) Phosphorus -P
3. The atomic symbol of Iron is —————.
(a) I
(b) Fe
(c) Ir
(d) Au
4. The chemical symbol for nitrogen gas is --------------
(a) Ni
(b)
(c) N+
5. The molecule having an atomicity 4 is:
(a) Sulphate molecule
(b) Ozone molecule
(c) Phosphorus molecule
(d) Methane molecule
6. If 12g of C is burned in the presence of 32g of , how much will be formed?
(a) 40g
(b) 44g
(c) 30g
7. The formula of chloride of a metal M is , then the formula of the phosphate of metal M will be:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
8. Law of Conservation of Mass was established by:
(a) Maharishi Kanad
(b) John Dalton
(c) Antoine L. Lavoisier
Assertion-Reason
Directions to answer this kind of question:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) Both A and R are false.
1. ASSERTION- Atom is the smallest unit of molecule
REASON- Atom is not seen by our naked eyes
2. ASSERTION- Mass can be created and also destroyed in chemical reaction
REASON- Mass can convert its own form while chemical reaction been complete.
3. ASSERTION- The symbol of iron is Fe.
REASON- Iron is the hard metal
4. ASSERTION- When 10 g of CaCO3 is decomposed, 5.6 g of residue is left and 4.4 g of CO2 escapes.
The End…