SLOW
SANDFILTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
HEALTH DENTISTRY
PRESENTED BY – SHUBH CHANDRA
BDS FINAL YEAR
ROLL NO. 46
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF -
DR. RAVISHANKAR T.L
DR. AMIT TIRTH
DR. ANJALI SINGH
INTRODUCTION
SLOW SAND OR BIOLOGICAL FILTERS
SUPERNATANT (RAW WATER)
A BED OF GRADED SAND
CONTENT VITAL LAYER
UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
S FILTER BOX
A SYSTEM OF FILTER CONTROL VALUES
FILTER CLEANING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODU
CTION
Filtration is the second The two types of filters
stage in the purification used are,
of water. the biological or "slow sand"
FILTRATIO
filters.
the rapid sand or mechanical
N filters.
SLOW SAND OR
BIOLOGICAL
FILTERS
Elements of a slow sand filter:
(1) Supernatant (raw) water
(2) A bed of graded sand
(3) an under drainage system
(4) A system of filter control
values
The depth of the
supernatant water
above the sand bed
varies from 1 to 1.5
meters.
• It provides a constant
head of water so as to
overcome the
resistance of the filter
bed and thereby
promote the
downward flow of the
water into the sand
bed.
SUPERNATANT • It provides waiting
(RAW WATER) period of some hours
for the raw water to
undergo purification
by sedimentation,
The thickness of the sand bed is about 1
metre.
The sand grains have an effective diameter
between 0.2 and 0.3 mm.
The sand bed is supported by a layer of
A BED OF graded gravel 30-40 cm deep which also
prevents the fine grains being carried into
GRADED the drainage pipes.
SAND Water percolates through the sand bed
very slowly and as it does so, it is
subjected to mechanical straining,
sedimentation, adsorption, oxidation and
bacterial action.
The rate of filtration of water lies between
0.1 and 0.4 cubic meter/ hour/per square
meter of sand bed surface.
The vital layer
It may take is the "heart" of
The slimy This layer several days The the slow sand
growth consists of for the vital formation of filter. It
covering the thread like layer to vital layer is removes
surface of algae, form fully known as organic matter,
the sand "ripening", holds back
plankton, and when bacteria and
bed is diatoms and fully formed of the filter. oxidizes
known as bacteria. it extends ammonical
"Schmutzde for 2 to 3
nitrogen into
cke", vital nitrates and
cm into the helps in
layer, top portion purifying the
zoogleal of the sand water. Until the
layer or bed.
vital layer is
fully formed,
biological
VITAL LAYER
the first few
layer. days filtrate is
usually run to
waste
At the bottom of
the filter bed is
the under-
drainage system.
It consists of
perforated pipes
which not only
provides an outlet
for filtered water
but also supports
AN UNDER the filter medium
above.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FILTER BOX
The filter box is open rectangular box, 2.5
- 4 meters deep and is built wholly, or
partly below ground.
The walls may be made of stone, brick or
cement.
A SYSTEM OF FILTER
CONTROL VALUES
FILTER CONTROL VALUES ARE THE VENTURI METER IS USED WHEN THE RESISTANCE BUILDS
PRESENT TO MAINTAIN A TO MEASURE THE BED UP, THE OPERATOR OPENS THE
CONSTANT RATE OF RESISTANCE OR LOSS OF HEAD. REGULATING VALVE SO AS TO
FILTRATION. MAINTAIN A STEADY RATE OF
FILTRATION
When the bed resistance
increases to such an extent
that the regulating valve has
to be kept fully open, it is
time to clean the filter bed.
The supernatant water is
then drained off and the sand
FILTER
bed is cleaned by scraping off
the top portion of the sand
CLEANIN
layer to a depth of 1 - 2 cm. G
After 20 or 30 scrapings, the
thickness of the sand bed will
have reduced and a new bed
is constructed.
CONCLUSION
The key to man's health lies in his
environment.
Much of man's ill-health can be traced to
adverse environmental factors such as water
pollution, air pollution, poor housing
conditions and presence of vectors of diseases
which pose a constant threat to man's health.
The purpose of environ mental health is to
create and maintain ecological conditions that
will promote health and thus prevent disease.
REFERENC
ES
ESSENTIALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DENTISTRY (COMMUNITY
DENTISTRY)
By- SOBEN PETER
CHAPTER 6