General Biology 2: Chemical and

Nervous Control

Nervous System
By: Cromwell C. Magno
 Objectives
• Compare and contrast the following
processes in animals and plants:
• Chemical and nervous control
Function
• The main function of the
nervous system is to
allow rapid
communication to the
external environment.
Nervous
system
Central nervous system
• Referred to as the
“central” because it
combines information
from the entire body
and coordinates activity
across the whole
organism
Nervous
system
Peripheral Nervous
system
• Consists of the nerves
that branch out from the
brain and spinal cord;
form the communication
network between the
central nervous system
Central
Nervous
System
Central nervous
system
Brain
• The brain weighs 1.5 kg in
an average human
• Enclosed in a bone structure
called the skull
• Central processing center
that oversees other organ
system’s functioning
mechanism.
Central nervous
system
Forebrain
• Are divided into
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebrum
Central nervous
system
Thalamus
• Processes
information and
relays it to the
cerebrum.
Central nervous
system
Hypothalamus
• Responsible for
homeostatic control of
most organs.
• Links or connects our
nervous systema and
the endocrine system.
• Regulates the
temperature, heart
rate, water balance,
Central nervous
system
Cerebrum
• Controls the qualities of
the mind: personality,
intelligence, learning,
perception, and
emotion.
• Divided into two
hemisphere
interconnected by a
nerve fiber called
Central nervous
system
Cerebrum (Cerebral
Cortex)
• Frontal lobe – olfactory
bulb and motor cortex
• Parietal lobe –
processes
somatosensation and
proprioceptor
• Occipital lobe – vision
• Temporal lobe –
Central nervous
system
Brainstem (midbrain
and hindbrain)
• Are divided into
• Pons
• Medulla
• Cerebellum
Central nervous
system
Medulla
• Regulates breathing,
blood pressure, and
heart rate.
Central nervous
system
Pons
• Connects the forebrain
with medulla and
cerebellum.
Central nervous
system
Cerebellum
• Controls posture and
balance
• Largest part of the
hindbrain
Central nervous
system
Spinal Cord
• A tube that emerges right below
the base of the brain.
• Tracts of nerve fibers that allow
two-way conduction of nerve
impulses.
• Can be divided into cervical,
thoracic, and sacral which are
also covered with a bony
structure called the vertebral
column.
Central nervous
system
What covers the brain and the
spinal cord?
• Solid bone structure (skull) that
covers the brain and the spinal
cord is what we call as the
meninges.
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid
• Pia mater
Nervous
system
Peripheral nervous
system
• A network of nerves
across the body.
• Has 43 pairs of
nerves.
• 12 pairs of
cranial nerves –
emerges on the
base of the
brain
• 31 pairs of
spinal nerves –
Peripheral nervous
system

Neurons
• Basic unit of nervous
system
• Transmit electrical
signal to the brain.
• Dendrites
• Cell body
• Axon
• Myelin sheath
Peripheral nervous
system

Dendrites
• Receives signals
• Sorted branch
extensions of the
neurons that transmits
and receives
information
Peripheral nervous
system

Axon
• Conducts nerve
impulses away from
the cell body
Peripheral nervous
system

Myelin sheath
• Part of the axon that is
not covered by it.
• The one responsible for
faster transmission or
conduction of impulses
that carries signals
from neurons to
another.
Peripheral nervous
system

Categories of neurons:
• Sensory neurons
(the senses)
• Mechanoreceptors – touch
• Thermoreceptor –
temperature
• Nociceptors – pain
• Chemoreceptors – oxygen,
glucose, electrolytes.
Peripheral nervous
system

Categories of neurons:
• Interneurons
• Receives information
from the sensory
neurons; process and
generate message to
the motor neurons.
Peripheral nervous
system

Categories of neurons:
• Motor neurons
• The one that reacts to
what kind of message
is generated in the
interneurons that
comes from the
sensory neurons.
• Create muscle
contraction
• Create muscle
Peripheral nervous
system

Divisions of peripheral
nervous system:
• Sensory somatic
nervous system
• Voluntary control of skeletal
muscles
• Most of the control are in the
skeletal.
Peripheral nervous
system

Divisions of peripheral
nervous system:
• Autonomic nervous
system
• Controls bodily function
without conscious control
• Involuntary.
• Examples:
• Glands – liver, kidney,
skin
• Smooth muscles – lungs,
intestine, stomach,
Peripheral nervous
system

Divisions of autonomic
nervous system
• Sympathetic
nervous system
• “fight or flight”
response.
Peripheral nervous
system

Divisions of autonomic
nervous system
• Parasympathetic
nervous system
• Returns the body into
normal bodily functions.
• “rest and digest”
response.
Invertebrates nervous
system

Cnidaria
• Jellyfish.
• They lack true nervous
system.
• They do not have brain
at all
Invertebrates nervous
system

Echinoderms
• Starfish
• they have nerve cells
that are bundled also in
a fiber called nerves
Invertebrates nervous
system

Planaria
• Flatworms
• They have central
nervous system and
also peripheral nervous
system
Plants Nervous
System
Plants do not have nervous
system, but they can
sense changes in their
environment and respond
to it.
Plants Nervous
System
Photoreceptors
• Detects the quality and
quantity of light that the
plants absorbs.
Plants Nervous
System
Phototropism
• Wherein it determines the
direction of plants’ growth in
relation to the positioning of
the plants.
• Negative phototropism
(faces away from the
sun)
• Positive phototropism
(face towards the sun)
Plants Nervous
System
Gravitropism
• Directional growth of the
plants in relation to gravity
(gravitational pull of the
earth).
• Positive gravitropism (root
growth)
• Negative gravitropism
(stem growth)
Plants Nervous
System
Thigmotropism
• The directional growth and
response of the plants
relative to touching of its
solid structure.
• Mimosa pudica (makahiya)
• Venus flytrap
Thank
you!!