Basic Electronics
Module 5
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Syllabus
• Introduction to Transducers: Introduction, Resistive Transducers,
Inductive Transducers, Capacitive Transducers, Thermal transducers,
Optoelectronic transducer, and Piezoelectric transducers.
• Communications: Introduction to communication, Communication
System,Modulation.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Transducers
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Transducer
• A transducer is a device that converts a signal in one form of energy
to another form of energy.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Transducer
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Types of Transducer
Active Transducer Passive Transducer
• They do not require any external source • They require an external source of power
of power for their operation for their operation
• They are self-generating type of • They are not self-generating type of
transducers. transducers
• They produce electrical parameter such • They produce a change in the electrical
as voltage or current proportional to parameters such as resistance, inductance
the physical parameter being measured or capacitance in response to the physical
parameter being measured
• Examples:Thermocouple,piezoelectric • Examples: Resistance strain gauge,
transducer, photovoltaic cell, thermistor, LVDT, resistance thermometer,
photoelectriccell, etc. etc.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Passive Electrical Transducers
[Link] Transducers
• Where resistance is varied
[Link] Transducers
• Where Inductance is varied
[Link] Transducers
• Where capacitance is varied
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
[Link] Transducers
• produces a resistance variation in accordance with the physical
quantity sensed.
• The resistance of a conductor is given by
R=
• where ρ = resistivity in Ωm
• L = length of conductor in m
• A = area of cross-section in m2
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
[Link] Transducers
• The electrical resistance transducer is designed on the basis of the methods
of variation of any one of the quantities in (A), such as change in length,
change in area of cross section and change in resistivity.
• The resistance change due to the change in length of the conductor is used
in rotational displacement.
• The change in resistance of conductor or semiconductor due to the strain
applied is the working principle of the strain gauge which is used to measure
various physical quantities such as pressure, displacement and force.
• The change in resistivity of conductor due to the temperature variations
causes change in resistance. This principle is used to measure temperature.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Advantages:
• The speed of response of the resistance transducer is high.
• They are available in various sizes with wide range of resistance
value.
• High resolution in measurements can be achieved.
• Both ac and dc voltages and currents are suitable for the
measurement of resistance change.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Potentiometric Transducer
• A potentiometric transducer is an electromechanical device
containing a resistance element that is contacted by a movable slider.
• Motion of the slider results in a resistance change that may be linear,
logarithmic, exponential, and so on, depending on the manner in which
the resistance wire is wound.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Potentiometric Transducer
• In some cases, deposited carbon, platinum film, and other techniques
are used to provide the resistance element.
• A voltage source is applied across the resistive element in a
[Link] a voltage divider circuit is formed.
• When the wiper come across any displacement, it slides across a fixed
resistive element. The output voltage is proportional to the distance
travelled by the wiper.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Advantages of Potentiometer
• They are cheap.
• It is easy to use and useful in many applications where requirements
are not severe.
• It gives sufficient output that does not require further amplification.
• Potentiometer efficiency is high.
• They are useful for the measurement of large displacement.
• The resolution is infinite in cermet and metal film potentiometers.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Disadvantages of Potentiometer
• The major disadvantage is that it requires a large force to move their
sliding contacts i.e. wiper. There is wear and tear due to movement of
the wiper. It reduces the life of this transducer.
• Also, there is limited bandwidth.
• There is inertial loading.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Applications of Potentiometer
• It is used in many applications such as
1. Linear displacement measurement
2. Liquid level measurements using floats
3. Rotary displacement measurement
4. Brightness control
5. Volume control
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
[Link] Transducers
• The self-inductance of a coil or mutual inductance of pair of coil is
altered in value due to a variation in the value of the quantity under
measurement.
• Applications:
• Displacement measurements
• Thickness measurements
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT)
• The LVDT is a variable inductance
displacement transducer in which
the inductances varied according
to the displacement.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Principle of Operation:
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Advantages
1. Wide range of displacement
2. Frictionless operation as there is no physical contact
3. Ruggedness
4. Insensitive to temperature change
5. High sensitivity
6. Linearity of output
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Disadvantages
1. Sensitive to stray magnetic fields
2. Large displacements are necessary for differential output
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Applications
1. LVDT is used to measure displacement ranging from millimeters to
centimeters.
2. As secondary transducer, it can also be used to measure force,
weight, pressure, etc.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
[Link] Transducer:
• The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by
C = (farads)
where A = the area of each plate, in m2
d = the plate spacing, in m €0 = 9.85 X 1012 in F/m
k = dielectric constant
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
• Advantages
It produces an accurate frequency response to both static and dynamic
measurements.
• Disadvantages
An increase or decrease in temperature to a high level will change the
accuracy of the device.
As the lead is lengthy it can cause errors or distortion in signals.
• Applications:
Linear and Angular displacement.
To find humidity level, pressure variations.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Thermal transducers:
• Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are another sort of thermal
(temperature) transducer.
• Resistance of a conductor changes when its temperature changes.
• The resistive element is usually made of a solid material, a metal, a
metallic alloy or semiconductor compound.
• The resistivity of the metal increases with temperature, but in
semiconductor and insulator gradually decreases. It is also called as
“Resistive Temperature Detector(RTD)”.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Thermal transducers:
• The temperature co-efficient of resistance is given by:
• ∝=
Where, ∆T = change in temperature
∆R/Ro = fractional change in resistance.
Ro = Resistance at 0 C
• The resistance RT at any other temperature T oC is given by
• RT = Ro (1 + T)
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Thermal transducers:
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Thermal transducers:
Advantages
• High accuracy
• Does not require temperature compensation.
• Excellent stability
• Good sensitivity.
Disadvantages
• High Cost.
• Large six compared to thermocouples.
• Affected by shock vibration.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Optoelectronic transducer:
• Optoelectronic transducer is a device which convert light beam into an electrical signal.
• By proper interruption of the light signal due to motion input, the electrical signal produced
can be related to the input.
• Operate on principle that when light strikes special combination of materials then following
may result.
1. Electrons may flow
2. A voltage may be generated
3. A resistance change may take place.
• Types are
Photo-emissive
Photo-conductive
Photo-voltaic
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Photo-emissive
• Light beam strikes a photo-emissive cathode, which releases
electrons.
• Electrons are attracted towards the anode producing a current I in
the circuit.
• Current I depend upon intensity of radiation and anode cathode
voltage.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Photo-conductive
• It uses semiconductor material whose resistance changes in
accordance with the radiant energy received.
• Resistivity of selenium, cadmium sulphaide, lead sulfide and almium
sulphide is decreased when irradiated.
• Used for detecting ships & aircrafts by the radiations given out by
their exhausts and for telephony by modulated infrared lights.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Photo-voltaic
• A sensitive element is semiconductor (not metal) generates voltage in
proportion to the light or any radiant energy incident on it.
• In ‘selenium cell’ due to light, a negative charge will build up on gold
electrode and positive charge on bottom electrode.
• Used in fields
1. Automatic control system
2. Television circuits
3. Sound motion picture & reproducing equipment.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Piezoelectric transducers:
• They convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and are based
on the direct piezoelectric effect observed in certain non-metallic and
insulating dielectric compounds.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Principle of Operation
• Electrical charge is developed on the surface of the crystals, when they are under
mechanical strain due to application of stress. This is called piezoelectric effect.
• Piezoelectric transducers are having high mechanical rigidity so it is used to
measure force, pressure, acceleration, torque, strain and amplitude of vibration.
• The basic piezoelectric phenomenon is the effect of force applied in
longitudinal and transverse directions.
• The three modes of operation are:
1. Thickness expander mode
2. Length expander mode
3. Volume expander mode.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
• Advantages
1. Smaller in size
2. High natural frequency
3. Linearity
4. High sensitivity
5. Wide measuring angle
6. Polar sensitivity
7. High mechanical rigidity
• Applications
Piezoelectric transducers are used to measure force, pressure, acceleration,
torque, strain.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Introduction to
Communication
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Communication
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Block diagram of typical radio
transmitter:
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Block diagram of super heterodyne
receiver:
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
MODULATION
• Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier
signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating
signal.
• Types of modulation
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
MODULATION
• Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier
signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating
signal.
• Types of modulation
1. Amplitude Modulation(AM)
It is defined as the modulation technique in which the instantaneous
amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the analog modulating signal to be transmitted.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
MODULATION
• Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier
signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating
signal.
• Types of modulation
2. Frequency Modulation(FM)
A modulating signal vary the frequency of the carrier keeping the
amplitude and phase constant
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
MODULATION
• Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier
signal, in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating
signal.
• Types of modulation
3. Phase Modulation
It is the process in which the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is
varied accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Need of Modulation
• Increases operating range
• Reduces size of transmitting & receiving antennas
• Permits transmission without wire
• Extremely difficult to radiate low frequency signals through earth’s
atmosphere in form
• of electromagnetic energy.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Noise
• Noise is an unwanted signal which interferes with the original
message signal and corrupts the parameters of the message signal.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath
Effects of Noise:
• Noise limits the operating range of the systems
• Noise affects the sensitivity of receivers
• The noise might distract the receiver, causing them not to hear the
sender's message properly.
By: Mrs. Madhu Shivayyanmath