MODULE 2: INTRODUCTION TO GASEOUS STATE OF MATTER

All matter exists in three common states: solid, liquid and gas.
The theory which visualizes that solids, liquids or gases are made of molecules in
motion is called kinetic molecular theory of matter.
On the basis of kinetic molecular theory of matter and with the help of our knowledge of
intermolecular forces, it has now become possible to bring out the distinguishing
characteristics of three states of matter.
The gaseous state is the most simple of the three common states of matter. There is
greater uniformity and understanding of the laws governing gaseous behavior. Boyle's
law, Charles's law, Graham's law, Dalton's law, and Avogadro's law are the well-known
laws for describing the gaseous behavior.
 Why study states of matter
•Studying the properties of the various states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas
will help us understand energy transfer and the forces that control the behavior of
matter. It will also allow us to predict how materials will behave under different
conditions and how they will interact. This aids in our understanding of common
phenomena, such as the formation of clouds, the operation of refrigerators, and
the reasons for ice melting.
•New technologies, materials, and processes are developed as a result of an
understanding of the properties and behavior of matter.
•Knowing the characteristics of matter allows us to handle and store objects—
especially hazardous ones—safely.
•
• Matter has both physical and chemical properties. Understanding the properties
of matter and its measurements helps in making accurate calculations
Properties of Matter and Their Measurement
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density,
melting point, and boiling point.
melting and boiling points are the properties that can immediately
change the state of matter.

• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Coordination number, Reactivity, Flammability, Acidity or basicity,
Oxidation states, Radioactivity, Enthalpy of formation, Toxicity
Chemical properties are measurable and observable only during a
chemical change
Units For Measuring Properties Of Matter

• We need units to measure both the physical and chemical properties of

matter. Both fundamental and derived units are used to measure these
properties correctly.
• You can differentiate between the physical and chemical changes
taking place within a substance by knowing the properties of matter
and how it is measured. Different substances can be successfully
identified using their chemical properties, which aid in their placement
on the periodic table.
• Understanding and characterizing the states of matter requires a
knowledge of units and dimensions because they enable us to
compare and quantify properties like temperature, mass, and volume
—all of which are essential for describing solids, liquids, and gases.
 MODULE 2
Unit 1: GASEOUS STATE OF MATTER

PROPERTIES OF GASES
 lack of fixed shape and volume,→ The intermolecular forces between gas molecules are
weak, allowing them to move freely and independently and take up the shape of the
container
 high compressibility→ The large space between the molecules of gases can be reduced
under pressure
 ability to expand to fill any container→. Their molecules move randomly
 have low density compared to liquids and solids→ large intermolecular spaces
between the molecules resulting in large volumes relative to their mass
 their molecules are in constant, random motion→ collides with other molecules and also
with the walls of the container exerting pressure
Turn to solid or liquid under reduced temperature or pressure
No attractive forces between the molecules→ Weak intermolecular forces between the
molecules
Diffusion and effusion→ molecules mix and spread easily
 Measurable properties of gases

• Physical characteristics used to describe the state of a pure gas :

• p is the gas's pressure.
• T is the gas's temperature.
• V is the gas's volume, and
• n is the quantity of material in moles.
 POSTULATES OF KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
• Gas laws were based on experimental observations, theoretical foundation and
mathematical representation
• The fundamental concepts of kinetic theory of gases was to explain the behavior of
gases
(1) Gas molecules are in constant, random motion, collide with each other and walls
of their containing vessel
(2) the actual volume of the molecules are negligible when compared to the total
volume,
(3) exert no forces on one another, there are no attractive forces operating between
molecules
(4) any collisions between the particles are perfectly elastic, and
(5) The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute
temperature. This means that the average kinetic energy of molecules is the same at
a given temperature.
 Boyle's law
• Boyle's law states that the volume of a given mass of gas changes inversely
with pressure when the temperature is held constant.
• This is the definition of an inverse relationship. As one variable increases, the
value of the other decreases.
• Boyle's Law explains why pressure and volume are inversely related.
 Boyle’s Law
• Let’s assume, to mathematically deduce the expression,
• P1 represents the gas’s starting pressure,
• Using V1 as the gas’s initial volume,
• P2 represents the gas’s final pressure, and
• V2 is the gas’s final volume.
• Now, in accordance with the above Boyle’s Law,
• PV= k (at constant temperature and mass)
• So,
• P1V1=K
• And
• P2V2=K
• Therefore, Initial pressure × initial volume= Final pressure × Final volume,
• P1V1=P2V2
 Graphical Representation of Boyle’s Law

Graph of pressure vs 1/volume

Graph of pressure vs volume

Increase the pressure from low values, the volume first drops, and then at a much slower
rate, before more or less leveling out to a constant value. In fact, we find that pressure is
inversely proportional to volume, and the curves follow the equation:
PV = constant

The second graph is linear

 Experimental representation of Boyle’s Law

• Left hand side of the figure, the volume occupied

by the gas is large and the pressure is low. The
low pressure means there are few collisions of
the gas with the inside surface of the plunger,
and the force opposing depression of the plunger
is correspondingly low. Under these conditions it
is therefore very easy to compress the gas.

• Right hand figure, plunger is depressed some

way the gas occupies a much smaller volume, and
there are many more collisions with the inside
surface of the plunger forcing the pressure to be
high, collisions provide a large force opposing
further depression of the plunger, and it becomes
much more difficult to reduce the volume of the
gas.
Application of Boyle’s Law
• Syringe operation
• Bicycle pump
• Human breathing
• air or space, for example, scuba divers and astronauts.

EXCERCISES
• Q1. 1.56 L of gas occupies at 1.00 atm. What will this gas’s volume be
if the pressure increases to 3 atm?
• Q2. At 0.860 atm, a gas uses 11.2 litres of space. What pressure exists
if the volume rises to 15.0 L?
Charles's law
• Charles's law, states that, at constant pressure, the volume V of a gas
is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature T, or V/T =
k.
•V∝T
• The equation shows that, as the temperature increases, the volume of
the gas also increases in proportion
Graphical Representation Of Charles' Law
The graph between V and T at constant pressure is known as isobar, and it always gives a straight line. A plot of V versus T (°C) at constant pressure is a straight line at -273.15 °C. It is the lowest possible

temperature .
 APPLICATION OF Charles’ Law
• Hot Air Balloon:
• Deodorant Bottles:
• Pop-Up Turkey Timer
• Tires:
EXCERCISES
Q1. The volume of a given mass at 17°C is 400 mL. What temperature will be attained to (i)
double the volume and (ii) reduce the volume to one-half?

Q2. A balloon is filled to a volume of 2.40 L at a temperature of 20 °C. The balloon is then
heated to a temperature of 70 °C. Assuming the pressure remains constant throughout, find
the new volume of the balloon.
 Avogadro's Law
• According to Avogadro's Law, two ideal gases with the same volume must have the
same number of molecules at a given (constant) temperature and pressure.
• Samples of any gas are compared that have the same volume, temperature and
pressure, then they will all have the same number of molecules in them
i.e. Vα n or V/n = k
 Gay-Lussac's law
• Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure (P) exerted by a gas (of a given mass
and kept at a constant volume) varies directly with the absolute temperature
of the gas.
• T ∝ P or P = constant * T
 Combined Gas Law

• Boyle’s law and Charle’s law can be combined into a single relationship
called the combined gas law also known as Ideal gas law

• You can generalize the behaviour of gases by an equation called equation of

state: PV = nRT
• where n is the number of gram-moles of a gas and R is called the universal
gas constant. takes the value 8.314 . R is related to Boltzmann’s constant, ,
by R = , where is Avogadro’s number
• PV = nRT equation gives a fair description of gases at moderate to high
temperatures and relatively low pressures, which are the conditions of the
Boyle’s experiment mentioned above. We must take into account the
differences between an "ideal" gas and a real gas in order to understand why
this occurs as well as why the equation fails at high pressures and low
temperatures.
 Unit of R
• The gas constant or R, is a fundamental physical constant that relates the
energy, temperature, and amount of gas in a system.
• It appears in the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) and other equations involving
gases.
• This proportionality factor connects the macroscopic properties of a gas
(pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles) to its microscopic
behavior.
 REAL AND IDEAL GASES
• ideal gas is a theoretical gas that exactly complies with the gas laws
while real gas deviates from the ideal gas law because of
intermolecular forces and the finite volume of gas particles
difference between Ideal gas and Real gas

IDEAL GAS REAL GAS

No definite volume Definite volume

Elastic collision of particles Non-elastic collisions between particles
No intermolecular attraction force Intermolecular attraction force

Does not really exists in the environment and is a It really exists in the environment
hypothetical gas

High pressure The pressure is less when compared to Ideal gas

Independent Interacts with others
Obeys PV = nRT Obeys P+((n2a)V2)(V−nb)=nRT
Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
• First. it is assumed that the volume of the gas molecules themselves is as
negligible compared to the volume occupied by the gas in the container.
• The second reason is the assertion that there are no forces of attraction
between molecules.
 Compressibility factor (Z)
• Compressibility of a gas is how much it can be
compressed given a certain temperature, volume
and pressure. This value DIFFERS for different
For an ideal gas Z=1 gases, due to the size of the molecules and their
reactions to pressure and temperature.
One way to measure the deviation from
ideal gas behaviour is to define a • Different gases deviate from ideal behaviour
compressibility factor Z in different ways. Deviation can be positive
(Z>1) or negative (Z<1)
• Z = 1 No intermolecular forces, ideal gas
behaviour
• Z < 1 more of Attractive forces, gas occupies
a smaller volume than an ideal gas.
• Z > 1 Repulsive forces dominate, gas
occupies a larger volume than an ideal gas.
 Van der Waal Equation
• Made attempt to explain the deviation of real gases from ideal gases
• modify the ideal gas equation to account the deviation
• explain the shapes of the compressibility factor curves
 Van der Waal Equation
• By adding adjustments for the volume occupied by gas molecules and the
intermolecular interactions between them, the Van der Waals equation, a
modification of the ideal gas law (PV=nRT), takes into ac
• Van der Waals equation takes into account the non-ideal behavior of real gases.
incorporating corrections for the volume occupied by gas molecules and the
intermolecular forces between them.
• modify the ideal gas equation (PV=nRT) to

• Attractive forces between the molecules (correcting P, shown in blue).

• Account for the volume of the gas molecules (correcting V, shown in red)