Engineering Mechanics DR. N.

RAJINI
MR. G. EBENEZER
MEC18R211 MR. M. RAMAGANESH

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education

 Course Outline

CO 1. Explain the vector and scalar representation of forces and

moments of particles and rigid bodies both in two dimensions Course description
and in three dimensions.
This course aims to introduce the concept of
CO 2. Apply the knowledge of rigid bodies in trusses, frames, Engineering Mechanics, to develop the
beams and machine components for solving real time problems.
student’s ability to analyse any problem in a
simple and logical manner and to apply to its
CO 3. Compare and contrast the effect of various forms of
friction on equilibrium. solution a few, well-understood, basic principles
involving Statics and Dynamics.
CO 4. Illustrate the importance and properties of surfaces and
solids. To explain and predict physical phenomena and
thus to lay the foundations of most engineering
CO 5. Demonstrate the application of dynamic equilibrium sciences in general and for solving any real-
equation in real time applications.
time engineering problems in particular.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Syllabus
Basic Structural Analysis- Equilibrium in
three dimensions - Method of Sections-
Method of Joints- How to determine if a
member is in tension or compression- Unit 2: Analysis of Trusses
Simple Trusses- Zero force members- Beams
& types of beams- Frames & Machines. Outcomes

Explain the function and applications of structural components

Apply the knowledge of principles of particle and rigid body to analyze

trusses by using methods of joints.

Apply the knowledge of principles of particle and rigid body to analyze

trusses by using methods of sections.

Find the shear force and bending moment in the beams.

Apply the concept of rigid body and particle in frames and machines.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses.
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Structural component

Structural components means all parts of the footings, foundations, exterior wall assemblies including weather walls

and bearing walls, structural steel, roof joists and deck, beams, columns, roof deck, load bearing floors and sub-floors

of the Building.

Structural components such as frame members, bearings, axles, splines, fasteners, seals, and lubricants, mechanisms

that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems,

including brakes and clutches.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Truss

Truss used for structure with large span where the depth is not important. a truss consists of slender elements,

arranged in a triangular shape, planner truss refers to truss where all elements lie in the same plane frequently used

for bridges. space truss is composed of elements extending in three dimensions. Truss converts loads that cause truss

to bend into tension and compression forces.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Truss

Trusses, which are designed to support loads and are usually stationary, fully constrained structures. Trusses consist

exclusively of straight members connected at joints located at the ends of each member. Members of a truss,

therefore, are two force members, i.e., members acted upon by two equal and opposite forces directed along the

member.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames

Frames, which are also designed to support loads and are also usually stationary, fully constrained structures.

However, like the crane, frames always contain at least one multi force member, i.e., a member acted upon by three

or more forces which, in general, are not directed along the member.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames

Frames are used in building, frames composed of beam and column, beam and column may be connected using a pin

or fixed connection, frames extended into two or three dimensions, for rigid joint connection the structure known as

indeterminate.

The loading will cause the frame member to bend and deform, deformation magnitude will depend on the applied

load and member properties.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Cable and arches

Cables are used to support long span where the using of truss is not feasible and could lead to a significant increase in

cost and size of structure, cables carry the loads in tension and it can be used for spang longer than 46m(150ft),

cables used in bridge structures, using of cables is limited by their sag, weight, and method of Anchorage.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machines

Machines, are designed to transmit and modify forces and are structures containing moving parts. Machines, like

frames, always contain at least one multi force member.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment

Draw a structure you come across in your day today life.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 1
Basics

Topic 1
Introduction to Structural components First Topic Summary

Learned about various types of structures and its applications.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Truss

A truss consists of straight members connected at joints. Truss members are connected at their extremities only; thus

no member is continuous through a joint.

In general, the members of a truss are slender and can support little lateral load; all loads, therefore, must be applied

to the various joints, and not to the members themselves.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Truss

Each member can then be treated as a two-force member, and the entire truss can be considered as a group of pins

and two-force members.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Simple truss

The truss of Figure is said to be a rigid truss, the term rigid being used here to indicate that the truss will not collapse.

A truss which can be constructed as combination of triangular parts is called a simple truss.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Planar truss

Planar truss – as the name implies it is a two dimensional truss. If all the members and the nodes are in a planar

surface, then this truss is a planar truss.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Space truss

Space frame truss – Contrast to planar truss, the members and the nodes are located in the three dimensional space.

Electrical and telecom towers are the one of the simplest example that we are seeing in the day to day life.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Pratt Truss

A Pratt Truss has been used over the past two centuries as an effective truss method. The vertical members are in

compression, whilst the diagonal members are in tension. This simplifies and produces a more efficient design since

the steel in the diagonal members (in tension) can be reduced.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Pratt Truss

Advantages
Aware of member’s behavior – diagonal members are in tension, vertical members in compression
The above can be used to design a cost-effective structure
Simple design
Well accepted and used design

Disadvantages

Not as advantageous if the load is not vertical

Best Used For:

Where a cost-effective design is required
Where a mix of loads are applied
Where a simple structure is required

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Warren Truss

The Warren Truss is another very popular truss structure system and is easily identified by its construction from

equilateral triangles.

Under these concentrated load scenarios, the structure is not as good at distributing the load evenly across its

members.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Warren Truss

Advantages
Spreads load fairly evenly between members
Fairly simple design

Disadvantages
Poorer performance under concentrated loads
Increased constructability due to additional members

Best Used For:

Long span structures
Where an evenly distributed load is to be supported
Where a simple structure is required

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 K Truss

The K Truss is a slightly more complicated version of the Pratt Truss.

Its main difference is that the vertical members have become shortened – improving its resistance against buckling.

A member may be in compression under one load scenario and in tension under another.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 K Truss

Advantages
Reduced compression in vertical members
Possible reduction in steel and cost if designed efficiently

Disadvantages
Slightly more complex
Increased constructability due to additional members

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Howe Truss

Howe trusses are essentially the opposite of Pratt trusses in terms of geometry.

In fact, looking at a Pratt truss upside-down will visualize a Howe truss of sorts.

The entire structure is still relatively the same, but the diagonal braces are now occupying the opposite or the

unoccupied joints. This switch in position of the diagonal members has a very important effect structurally.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment

Pictures of all the forms of the trusses taught in your class seen in your day to day life.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 2
Truss

Topic 2
Trusses Second Topic Summary

Learned about the simple truss and its importance.

Learned about the various types trusses.
Learned about the roof and bridge trusses.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints

Consider a simple truss,

F F

A C

Name the joints

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints

Find the reactions in the truss

F

The reaction was found by considering the entire truss as a B

single rigid body

= 0, = 0 and M = 0 used to find the unknown

reactions in the trusses

A C

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints

Consider the forces acting in the joint

A A

Joint B Joint A

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints

Solve using the concept of the particle, by applying the condition for equilibrium of the particle.

= 0, = 0

Things to be noted

1. Always assume the internal force as tension

2. If the answer is negative say as compression

3. Always chose a joint with two unknown as first.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems

Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the truss shown.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
A 48 kN
Free body diagram

4m

RBx B

RBy
3.2 m

RCx C 3m

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems

Consider the entire truss

Apply the condition for equilibrium,
= 0, = 0 and M = 0
=0
RCx + RBx + 48 = 0 ………. (1)
=0
RBy = 0 ………. (2)
M=0
Take moment about B
(RCx x 3.2) - (48 x 4) = 0 ………..(3)

on solving 1, 2, 3
RCx = 60 kN
RBx = -108 kN
RBy = 0 kN
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Moment of joints - Problems

Consider the joints, after applying the reaction forces

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
A
FBA
Consider the joint B

1. Draw the forces both internal and external acting in the system
4m
2. All internal forces should be considered as tension force

108 B =
kN
3. Find the angle involved for the inclined forces

3.2
m FBC

C 3m

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
A
FBA
Solve for the unknown forces using
Apply the condition for equilibrium,
= 0, = 0
4m
=0

108 B =
FBA Cos53.13 - 108 = 0 ………. (1)

=0 kN
-FBC + FBA Sin53.13 = 0 ………. (2)
3.2
on solving 1, 2 m FBC

C 3m
FBA = 180 kN

FBC = 144 kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
A
Consider the joint C

FCA
1. Draw the forces both internal and external acting in the system
4m
2. All internal forces should be considered as tension force.

3. Find the angle involved for the inclined forces.

FCB
3.2
m
=

60k C 3m
N
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Moment of joints - Problems
Apply the condition for equilibrium A

= 0, = 0 FBA

4m
=0
FCA Cos67.38 + 60= 0 ………. (1)

108 B =
kN
=0
FCB + FCA Sin67.38 = 0 ………. (2)

3.2
m FBC
on solving 1, 2

FCA = -156 kN

C 3m

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the truss shown.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 2
Truss

Topic 3
Method of joints Third Topic Summary

Learned about the method of joints.

Learned about the identifying the forces acting in the members
of trusses using the concept of method of joints.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems

Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the truss shown. State whether each member is in

tension or compression.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
5 kN A
Free body diagram

4m

5 kN B

4m

RCx
C D
2m
RCy RDy

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
Apply the condition for equilibrium,
= 0, = 0 and M = 0
=0
RCx + 5 + 5 = 0 ………. (1)

=0
RCy + RDy = 0 ………. (2)

M=0
Take moment about C
-(RDx x 2) + (5 x 4) + (5 x 8) = 0 ………..(3)
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Moment of joints - Problems

on solving 1, 2, 3

RCx = -10 kN

RCy = -30 kN

RDy = 30 kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems

Consider the joints, after applying the reaction forces

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
5 kN

A
Consider the joint A

1. Draw the forces both internal and external acting in the system
4m
2. All internal forces should be considered as tension force

3. Find the angle involved for the inclined forces B

4m

C D
2m
30
kN
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Moment of joints - Problems
5 kN

A
Apply the condition for equilibrium,
= 0, = 0

4m
=0

B
5 + FAD Cos76 = 0 ………. (1)

4m
=0
-FAB - FAD Sin76 = 0 ………. (2)

C D
on solving 1, 2
2m
30
FAB = 20 kN (Tensile)

kN
FAD = 20.6 kN (Compressive)
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Moment of joints - Problems

Consider the joint B

1. Draw the forces both internal and external acting in the system

2. All internal forces should be considered as tension force

3. Find the angle involved for the inclined forces

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Moment of joints - Problems
Apply the condition for equilibrium,

= 0, = 0

=0
FBD Cos63.4 + 5= 0 ………. (1)

=0
-FBC - FBD Sin63.4 + FBA= 0 ………. (2)

on solving 1, 2

FBD = 11.1 kN (Compressive)

FBC = 30 kN (Tensile)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the truss shown and mention the members in
tension and in compression.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 2
Truss

Topic 4
Method of joints – members are in
tension/compression
Fourth Topic Summary

Learned about the members in tension and compression.

Leaned about the application of method of joints in identifying
the members in tension and compression.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
The Method of Sections involves analytically cutting the truss into sections and solving for static equilibrium for
each section.
The sections are obtained by cutting through some of the members of the truss to expose the force inside the
members.
In the Method of Joints, we are dealing with static equilibrium at a point. This limits the static equilibrium equations
to just the two force equations.
A section has finite size and this means you can also use moment equations to solve the problem. This allows solving
for up to three unknown forces at a time.
Since the Method of Sections allows solving for up to three unknown forces at a time, you should choose
sections that involve cutting through no more than three members at a time.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Determine the forces acting in the member AB, AC in the truss shown.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Free body diagram

2.25 m 2.25 m 3 kN

D
3 kN 3 kN
1m
1.5 kN B F 1.5 kN

RAx 1m
G
A C E
RAy 3m 3m 3m RGy

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
To find the reactions,

No horizontal force:

Rax = 0

Since it is symmetric in both structure and force,

RAy = RGy = = 6 kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Applying the reaction forces

2.25 2.25 3 kN
m m

D
3 kN 3 kN
1m
1.5 B F 1.5
kN kN 1m
G
A C E
6 kN 3m 3m 3m 6 kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Cut the truss into sections having the members AB and AC

2.25 2.25 3 kN
m m

D
3 kN 3 kN
1m
1.5 B F 1.5
kN kN 1m
G
A C E
6 kN 3m 3m 3m 6 kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Consider the forces in members

FBA

FCA

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Consider the rigid structure

FBA

FCA

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Apply the condition for equilibrium of rigid body
= 0, = 0 and M = 0

=0
-FBA x cos 26.38 - FCA = 0

=0
-FBA x sin 26.38 – 3 - 3 – 3 -1.5 + 6 = 0

FBA= -10.127kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Substitute FBA= -10.127kN

-FBA x cos 26.38 - FCA = 0

10.127 x cos 26.38 - FCA = 0

FCA = 9.07kN

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Determine the forces acting in the member DF, DE, CE in the truss shown.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 2
Truss

Topic 5
Method of Sections Fifth Topic Summary

Learned about the method of sections.

Learned about the identifying the forces acting in the members
of trusses using the concept of method of sections.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Determine the forces acting in the member BC, AC in the truss shown.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Free body diagram

RAx

RAy RHy

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Apply the condition for equilibrium,
= 0, = 0 and M = 0
=0
RAx + 120 = 0 ………. (1)

=0
RAy + RHy = 150 ………. (2)

M=0
Take moment about A
-(RHy x 16) + (150 x 12) + (120 x 3) = 0 ………..(3)
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Method of Sections
On solving,

RAx = -120N

RAy = 15N

RHy = 135N

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Cut the truss into sections having the members BC and AC

120N

15N 135N

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Consider the forces in member AB (rigid structure)

FBD

FBC

FAC

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Consider the rigid structure AB

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Apply the condition for equilibrium of rigid body
= 0, = 0 and M = 0

=0
FBD + FAC – 120 + 120 = 0

=0
-FBC + 15 = 0

FBC= 15N (Tension)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Method of Sections
Apply the condition for equilibrium of rigid body
= 0, = 0 and M = 0

M=0
MA = (FBC x 4) + (120 x 4) + (FBD x 4)

On solving
FBD = -140N (compression)

FAC = 140N (Tension)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Determine the forces acting in the member DF, DE, CE in the truss shown. Also and the members in tension and
compression

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 2
Truss

Topic 6
Method of Sections – Concept of
moments in solving
Sixth Topic Summary

Learned about the members in tension and compression.

Leaned about the application of method of sections in
identifying the members in tension and compression.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
Zero force members in a truss are members which do not have any force in them. There are two rules that may be
used to find zero-force members in a truss.
Significance of Zero Force Member

Consider a members AE, AB, ED and DC are zero force members

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
Then the truss design can be modified as shown below.
[The design change helps to save material]

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
At a TWO member joint:
If those members are NOT parallel AND there are no other external loads (or reactions) at the joint THEN both of
those members are zero force members.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
In a THREE member joint:
If TWO of those members ARE parallel AND there are no other external loads (or reactions) at the joint THEN the
member that is not parallel is a zero force member.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
In a THREE member joint:
If TWO of those members ARE parallel AND there are no other external loads (or reactions) at the joint THEN the
member that is not parallel is a zero force member.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
Determine the forces along each members and also use the concept of zero force members to eliminate the link.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
1. Check if there are any zero-force members.
2. First analyze pin D and then pin A
3. Note that member BD is zero-force member. F = 0

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Zero Force Member
Apply the condition for equilibrium of rigid body
= 0, = 0
=0
0 = (FCD cos 45) - 450 + (FAD cos 45)

=0
0 = -(FCD sin 45) - (FAD sin 45)

On solving
FCD = 318N (Tension)

FAD = -318N (Compression)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Zero Force Member
Apply the condition for equilibrium of rigid body
= 0, = 0
=0
0 = (FAD cos 45) + (FAB)

WKT,
FAD = -318N
On solving
FAB = 225N (Tension)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Determine the forces along each members and also use the concept of zero force members to eliminate the link.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 2
Truss

Topic 7
Zero force members Seventh Topic Summary

Learned about the significance of finding the zero force

members in any truss.
Learned about the methodology to find the zero force members

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Beams
A beam is a structural element or a member that primarily transfers loads imposed along its axis to its supports such
as walls, columns, foundation, etc. and the mode of its deflection is primarily by bending.

Beam architecture or dimensioning requires an understanding of the concepts of fundamental physics and statics of
engineering.

Horizontal structural components that bear loads perpendicular to their longitudinal

direction are typically beams.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Types of Beam are classified based on

1. According to end supports condition

2. According to the shape of the cross-section

3. According to the equilibrium condition

4. According to the type of material

5. According to the geometry

6. According to the casting condition

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Types of Beam are classified based on end supports condition

Simply supported beam

Cantilever beam
Continuous beam
Fixed end beam
Overhanging beam
Double overhanging beam

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Simply supported beam

The simply supported beam is one of the most simple structures.

It features only two supports, one at each end.

One is a pinned support and the other is a roller support.

With this configuration, the beam is inhibited from any vertical movement at both ends whereas it is allowed to rotate
freely

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Cantilever beam

A cantilever beam is a member with one end projecting beyond the point of support, free to move in a vertical plane
under the influence of vertical loads placed between the free end and the support.

A good example of a cantilever beam is a balcony. A balcony is supported on one end only, the rest of the beam
extends over open space; there is nothing supporting it on the other side.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Continuous beam

A continuous beam is a statically indeterminate structure. The advantages of a continuous beam as compared to a
simply supported beam are as follows.
1) For the same span and section, vertical load capacity is more.
2) Mid span deflection is less.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Fixed beam

A fixed or a build in beam has both of its ends rigidly fixed so that the slope at the ends remains zero.

Such a beam is also called as the encastre beam.

The fixed ends give rise to fixing moments there in addition to the reactions. (Fixed beams are not allowed the
vertical movement or rotation of the beam.)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Over hanging beam

If the end portion of a beam extends beyond the support, then the beam is known as overhanging beam. Overhanging
may be on one of the supports or on both the sides.
At the same point on the beam, the bending moment is zero or changes sign from positive to negative value or vice
versa.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of Beams
Double Over hanging beam

The beam which has two support but extended at both sides of the beam is known as Double overhanging beam.

The load applied on the hanged portion of beam is transferred at the support of beam with equivalent bending
moment.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Present a real time examples for the types of beams taught in the class.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 3
Beams

Topic 8
Beams and its types Eighth Topic Summary

Learned about the beam and its function

Learned about the types of beams and its significance

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force
A shear force is a force applied perpendicular to a surface, in opposition to an offset force acting in the opposite
direction.
This results in a shear strain.
One part of the surface is pushed in one direction, while another part of the surface is pushed in the opposite
direction.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of loading
Basic types of loads that act on structures and other structures can be broadly classified as vertical, horizontal, and
longitudinal loads.

Naturally,

Vertical loads consist of dead loads, live loads, and impact loads.

Horizontal loads consist of wind loads and earthquakes.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of loading
Concentrated Or Point Load

It is a type of load which acts at the center of the beam as shown below

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of loading
Uniformly Distributed Load

It is a type of load which is distributed uniformly over the entire length of the beam.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of loading
Uniformly Varying Load

These are the loads varying uniformly from zero to a particular value and spread over a certain length of the beam.
Such load is also called triangular load.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Types of loading
Comparison of three types of loading

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Point load at the free end

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Point load at different points

A = SF = A
C = SF = A + C
D = SF = A + C+ D

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Point load at different points

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Draw the shear force diagram for the given beam below

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Shear force at different points

SF (A) = 3
SF (C) = 3 + 3 = 6
SF (D) = 3 + 3 + 2 = 8

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Shear force at different points

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
UDL
Consider a beam loaded as shown.
Uniformly distributed load along the length L

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam

A=0
B = SF = W x L

W is the load per unit area of UDL

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Shear force of the Cantilever beam
Shear force at different points

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Draw the shear force diagram for the given beam as loaded.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 3
Beams

Topic 9
Shear force Ninth Topic Summary

Learned about the shear force for the cantilever beam.

Learned about the shear force diagram for cantilever beam
under point load

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment
In solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or
moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend.

The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Point load at the free end

M (A) = 0

M (B) = W x L

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Point load at the free end

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Point load at different points

M (A) = A x 0 = 0
M (C) = A x Z
M (D) = (A x (Z+Y)) + (C x Y)
M (B) = (A x (Z+Y+X)) + (C x (Y+X)) + (D x X)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Point load at different points

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Draw the bending moment diagram for the given beam below

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Bending moment at different points

M (A) = 0
M (C) = 3 x 2 = 6
M (D) = (3 x (2 +2)) + (3 x 2)
M (B) = (2 x (2+2+1)) + (3 x (2+1)) + (2 x 1)

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Bending moment at different points

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
UDL
Consider a beam loaded as shown.
Uniformly distributed load along the length L

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam

A=0
B = SF = W x L

W is the load per unit area of UDL

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Bending moment of the Cantilever beam
Bending moment at different points

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Draw the bending moment diagram for the given beam as loaded.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 3
Beams

Topic 10
Bending moment Tenth Topic Summary

Learned about the bending moment for the cantilever beam.

Learned about the bending moment diagram for cantilever
beam under point load

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
Interconnected Rigid Bodies with Multi-force Members

Rigid Non-collapsible
–structure constitutes a rigid unit by itself when removed from its supports
–first find all forces external to the structure treated as a single rigid body
–then dismember the structure & consider equilibrium of each part

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
Interconnected Rigid Bodies with Multi-force Members

Non-rigid Collapsible
–structure is not a rigid unit by itself but depends on its external supports for rigidity
–calculation of external support reactions cannot be completed until the structure is dismembered and individual parts
are analyzed.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
Determine the components of the reactions at A and E if a 750-N force directed vertically downward is applied.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
FBD

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
Unknowns need to be found
Apply the equilibrium condition

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
Vertical force applied at B

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Frames
Vertical force applied at B

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Determine the force along the member BD

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 4
Frames

Topic 11
Frames Eleventh Topic Summary

Learned about the frames and its advantages.

Learned about the methodology of solving unknown forces.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Unit 2 Outline

1 Basics 1 Introduction to Structural components

Lesson 1. Basics
2 Trusses
3 Method of joints

Lesson 2. Truss 4 Method of joints – members are in tension/compression

2 Truss
5 Method of Sections
6 Method of Sections – Concept of moments in solving
Lesson 3. Beams
7 Zero force members
8 Beams and its types

Lesson 4. Frames 3 Beams 9 Shear force

10 Bending moment
4 Frames 11 Frames
Lesson 5. Machine
5 Machine 12 Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Course Progress

Lesson 1. Basics

Lesson 2. Truss

Lesson 3. Beams

Lesson 4. Frames

Lesson 5. Machine

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Machines are non-rigid structures.
They depend on supports to maintain their shapes, which are usually not unique.
Simple machines are everywhere; we use them everyday to
perform simple tasks. Simple machines have also been in use
since the early days of human existence.

While simple machines take many shapes, they come in six

basic types:
Wedge: A device that forces things apart.
Wheel and axle: Used to reduce friction.
Lever: Moves around a pivot point to increase or decrease
mechanical advantage.
Inclined plane: Raises objects by moving up a slope.
Screw: A device that can lift or hold things together.
Pulley: Changes the direction of a force.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Simple Machines
Simple machines because they make work easier.
The scientific definition of work is the amount of force that is applied to an object multiplied by the distance the
object is moved.
Thus, work consists of force and distance.
Each job takes a specific amount of work to finish it, and this number does not change.
Thus, the force times the distance always equals the same amount of work.
This means that if you move something a smaller distance you need to exert a greater force. On the other hand, if you
want to exert less force, you need to move it over a greater distance.
This is the force and distance trade off, or mechanical advantage, which is common to all simple machines.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Simple Machines
With mechanical advantage, the longer a job takes, the less force you need to use throughout the job.
Most of the time, we feel that a task is hard because it requires us to use a lot of force.
Therefore, using the trade off between distance and force can make our task much easier to complete.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Wedge
The wedge is a simple machine that forces objects or substances apart by applying force to a large surface area on the
wedge, with that force magnified to a smaller area on the wedge to do the actual work.
A nail is a common wedge with a wide nail head area where the force is applied, and a small point area where the
concentrated force is exerted.
The force is magnified at the point, enabling the nail to pierce wood.
As the nail sinks into the wood, the wedge shape at the point of the nail moves forward, and forces the wood apart.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Wheel and Axle
The wheel and axle is a simple machine that reduces the friction involved in moving an object, making the object
easier to transport.
When an object is pushed, the force of friction must be overcome to start it moving.
Once the object is moving, the force of friction opposes the force exerted on the object.
The wheel and axle makes this easier by reducing the friction involved in moving an object.
The wheel rotates around an axle (essentially a rod that goes through the wheel, letting the wheel turn), rolling over
the surface and minimizing friction. Imagine trying to push a 9,000-kilogram (~10-ton) block of stone. Wouldn't it be
easier to roll it along using logs placed underneath the stone?
Everyday examples of the wheel and axle include a car, bicycle, office chair, wheel barrow, shopping cart, hand truck
and roller skates.
© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS
 Machine
Lever
A lever simple machine consists of a load, a fulcrum and effort (or force).
The load is the object that is moved or lifted. The fulcrum is the pivot point, and the effort is the force required to lift
or move the load.
By exerting a force on one end of the lever (the applied force), a force at the other end of the lever is created.
The applied force is either increased or decreased, depending on the distance from the fulcrum (the point or support
on which a lever pivots) to the load, and from the fulcrum to the effort.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Inclined Plane
Inclined planes make it easier to lift something. Think of a ramp.
Engineers use ramps to easily move objects to a greater height.
There are two ways to raise an object: by lifting it straight up, or by pushing it diagonally up.
Lifting an object straight up moves it over the shortest distance, but you must exert a greater force.
On the other hand, using an inclined plane requires a smaller force, but you must exert it over a longer distance.

Everyday examples of inclined planes include highway access ramps, sidewalk ramps, stairs, inclined conveyor belts,
and switchback roads or trails.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Machine
Screw
A screw is essentially an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.
Screws have two primary functions: they hold things together, or they lift objects.
A screw is good for holding things together because of the threading around the shaft.
The threads grip the surrounding material like teeth, resulting in a secure hold; the only way to remove a screw is to
unwind it. A car jack is an example of a screw being used to lift something (see Figure 3).

Everyday examples of screws include a screw, bolt, clamp, jar lid, car jack, spinning stool and spiral staircase.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Assessment
Point out any five real time examples of the simple machines and take the photograph of it.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Lesson 5
Machine

Topic 12
Machine Twelfth Topic Summary

Learned about the machine and the advantages of it

Learned about the simple machines and their examples.

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS

 Thank You!

© Kalasalingam academy of research and education COURSE NAME : ENGINEERING MECHANICS