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Understanding Map Projections & Digitalization

The document discusses the importance of map projections as flat representations of the 3-D Earth, highlighting various projection families such as cylindrical, conic, and planar. It also covers the digitalization process, including scanning, georeferencing, and accuracy considerations. The summary emphasizes selecting the appropriate projection for specific purposes and maintaining metadata for accuracy.

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tesfaye
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3 views10 pages

Understanding Map Projections & Digitalization

The document discusses the importance of map projections as flat representations of the 3-D Earth, highlighting various projection families such as cylindrical, conic, and planar. It also covers the digitalization process, including scanning, georeferencing, and accuracy considerations. The summary emphasizes selecting the appropriate projection for specific purposes and maintaining metadata for accuracy.

Uploaded by

tesfaye
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Map Projection & Digitalization

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Why Map Projections?
• Earth is 3‑D; maps are flat representations.
• Choose projections to preserve shape, area,
distance, or direction.
• Enable consistent coordinate referencing
across datasets.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Projection Families Overview
• Cylindrical, conic, and planar projections.
• Pseudo & compromise projections balance
properties.
• Understand trade‑offs when selecting a
projection.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Cylindrical Projections
• Mercator projection preserves direction for
navigation.
• Transverse Mercator for narrow zones (UTM).
• Web Mercator standard for online maps.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Conic Projections
• Albers equal‑area conic for mid‑latitudes.
• Lambert conformal conic preserves shape.
• Frequently used for national mapping.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Planar/Azimuthal Projections
• Gnomonic, stereographic, orthographic
examples.
• Good for polar regions or great‑circle routes.
• Direction preserved from the center point.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Digitalization Process
• Scanning paper maps at high DPI.
• Heads‑up digitizing vector features.
• Tablet digitizers & field data capture.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Georeferencing & Transformation
• Control points align image to real‑world
coordinates.
• Affine, polynomial, and rubber‑sheet
transformations.
• RMS error metrics assess accuracy.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]


Accuracy & Error Sources
• Cartographic generalization distortions.
• Projection distortion and resampling.
• Human digitizing errors & GPS inaccuracies.

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Summary & Resources
• Use the projection best suited to purpose and
region.
• Maintain metadata about sources and
transformations.
• Key reference: Snyder (1987), EPSG registry.

IMAGE PLACEHOLDER – Suggested: [Link]

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