CHAPTER 3:

HUMAN IN THE
SOCIAL CONTEXT
INTRODUCTION
•We have learned social psychological theory, but we need to know
the terms of human behaviour in the context of an individual group
or social?
•Do we will behave in the same way when we are alone as
compared with current behaviours in front of public
•The answer here is quite clear because through experience itself,
we are aware that behavior in both contexts have significant
differences.
•In this chapter we will discuss some of the things which is the
study of social psychological experts such as attribution, dynamic
group, human nature in a given group, and private.
•All the topics discuss in this chapter are very important for
councelling program to understand or mastering group councelling.
DYNAMIC OF CLUSTERING
•A few number of people involved in the interaction between them
or in some meeting and the meeting is defined as small groups.
•In this meeting, each Member of a specific impression about views
or each other so that we assuming that time or any time later they
asked, they will be able to give an overview about each member as
individuals, even with just remember that they had been present
•Various definitions of the meaning of the group were presented
and one of them raised by Bales (1950) which have the following
meanings:
Structure And Function Of The Cluster
•A group will be formed automatically when two or more
individuals interact among them.
•A social group can be categorized into primary and secondary
cluster (Gerungen, 1986).
• Primary groups have social interaction that is more interactive,
and fostering closer ties between its members.
• In this cluster group, members will learn the experience and
knowledge of the norms and rules of a society, and specific
education such as how informal interactions as well as to be a
member of a larger community.
•The second type of cluster is the secondary groups, Gerungen
(1986) noted that the relationship in this cluster is less of a formal,
family and further the objectives of the primary cluster.
•Apart from the types of primary and secondary groups, each group
can also be divided into two categories, that is formal and informal
groups. For formal groups, usually need to be registered as an
organization and have a fixed membership.
•Formal group is the same as that specified by the secondary group
Grungen. These activities are conducted by the chairman, secretary,
treasurer and several committees.
•The second category is an informal group was essentially more
important than formal group and structure similar to that of the
primary cluster
• Groups that are not good as the triad can also be included in that
•This study is looking at the dynamic of a group, and how the
members of a group and played scrooge conduct guided norms.
THE NORMS OF CLUSTERS
•Forms of procedures for a group will be the norm of the group.
•Gerungan (1986) defines the norms as a rule or guideline to
organize experience and individual behavior in social situations
agricultural products.
• Sherif & Mengikur Sherif (1956), the norm group is the uniform
understanding of how behavior should be done by members of the
group when the cut happened something related to the existence of
the cluster itself.
• Each group has its own norms.
•For most of the group, norms have its own normsth and this norm
is not written or recorded officially but only understood.
•Opinion Sherif & Sherif (1956), there are three ways in which we
can know the norms of the group that is not in writing, namely:
[Link] recognize behavior from a variety of individuals groups.

[Link] is a reward system in the cluster to good behavior and punishment

system on behavior that does not fit the norm

[Link] the way we test the existence of these norms in the experiment.

•This norm will serve as a guideline for conduct, the nature and personality
of the group members.
• Members who do not comply with the regulations norms of the group,
either by not doing something or doing something with the excessive rates, it
will be deemed to have been excluded from the group.
• The group members are very conscious norm group, this will allow
outsiders of the Group recognize the nature and attitudes and their
behaviour even without knowing of the individual concerned.
•This is because the conformity to the norms of the group is strong and this
norm can represent the characteristics of his personality.
 COHESION AND COLLECTIVITY OF CLUSTER
•Cohesion adhesion means, such as glue or adhesives.
• Group cohesion also is a tendency for group members sitting
beside her group.
•All activities will be performed by members of the dank e along
which the group goes

INVOLVEMENT GROUP
•A group, whether formal or not will be stronger as a group if its
members have responsibilities such as maintaining identity and
norms the group.
• Engagement can be identified through out the members of the
group not to selflessness and personal requirements and for the
purpose of achieving a goal set by the group. Only through such
engagement, this group can exist and lasting.
Social Perception
•This tendency is shown either by intentionally or unintentionally
because of the way this is the easiest way for us to understand them
better and allows us to interact more effectively.
•The perceived nature of the individual is not exhaustive and is only
part that can help us in understanding of individual.

 Attribution
•A common method used to increase the understanding of other
individuals is a way to ask questions or find a reason the behavior
and understand why an individual is played with something way in
certain situations
•In Dwibahasa dictionary, " attributes" is "nature is a person or a
thing". “.When we ask "why do you hate the women" or "why do I
always prefer delaying work" shows that people want to know the
reasons or explanation of a phenomenon.
•Atribusi premier study was conducted by Fritz Heider (1958).
•He suggests that people display two forms of attribution of a
behavior, the attribution of internal and external attribution.
• Internal Atribusia is a description of behavior that occurs in an
individual itself as changes in emotions, modes, mind and attitude.
• External attribution is a description of behavior that occurs in
other individuals, such as why someone is claimed to be the style
weird or unusual.

a. NON -VERBAL COMMUNICATION

•McCardle (1974), this non-verbal communication is important in us
with respect to the other person as it is factors that make up the '
gestalt ' or the whole in communication itself.
•Without reflection points, the movement of the hands, lips, smile
carving in the face and small changes in the human body allowed
moves, the communication can be seen as something that is not full
and less successful in conveying material should be delivered
properly.
•Through the expression of emotions and feelings we can show
someone a fairly accurate.
•Social psychology experts say that facial expressions are the same
as in General at all levels, regardless of human society, culture or
different races but when expression is shown intentionally, then
expression of the face will be on perceived as other than normal.
•Observation study carried out by Ekman and Friesman (1975) on
the paparanair face, they found expression shows that humans all
over the world displaying the same face expression of an emotion
that stated this all grants and identical for tribes in Brazil, Africa and
the Asia Pacific region.
•Expression of various face expressions not a single way of knowing
the feelingof humans .
• Reflection could also indicate an eye desire, feelings and emotions
of a person.
•Movement of the body also helps us to understand the behavior of
others.
•Touching also show a non-communications signals. Various ways
other touches can describe the feelings and emotions that are
experienced by a person.
• This is needed because with direct, attribution will be able to help
us understand and know will be the nature and feeling of the
humans with a better rate again and this means we will be more
easily able to arrange more suitable tasting for increase interaction
with others in a social context.
 [Link] AND SOCIAL INTERACTION PROBLEMS
•Everyday displaying various forms of attitude towards its
surroundings and his attitude will be read by others.
• In this section, we will discuss what the attitudes and problems
related to the attitude of the social aspect.

[Link] AND THE FORMATION OF ATTITUDES IN SOCIAL

CONTEXT
•Gordon Alport (1935), attitude is a most important concept in a
branch of social psychology.
•He pointed out that the attitudes displayed by this human is the
cause for various forms of social behaviour that we all have
experienced, such as the behavior of prejudice, discrimination,
prososial, redirect behavior and a variety of others.
•The attitude is defined by Petty and Cacioppo (1985) as a general
assessment of the human (including an assessment of own self),
object and issues.
•This attitude is something that remains because the attitude
doesn't change over time.
• In general, the attitude has three components, namely affective
(emotional), behavioural (attitude) and cognition (thought).
•This theory is known as the ABC Model of Attitudes (Breckler,
1984).
•Affect is a component of emotional about something positive or
negative.
• Behavioural component involved the intention to do something or
show a behavior that's directly in line with our attitude.
•Cognition component also describe the way we think and interpret
a stimulus for developing attitudes and emotions that are
consistent with the existing behavior
•A variety of methods can explain how attitude can be learn.
•Some of the concepts can be applied to the classical conditioning,
conditioning operandan imitation. In classical conditioning, the
child will learn to do with emotional attitudes through displayed by
someone else.
•Children will associate negative emotions and anger displayed by
the mother with the word ' sex ' and this is where it may be
obtained from the attitude of fear or not fond of that word.
•If the case is reviewed in terms of operant conditioning, the
formation is slightly different attitude.
• Attitude can also be obtained from the method of imitating,
namely by means of detailed observations.
 d. CHANGE ATTITUDES THROUGH PERSUASION
•Human attitude is something that is very difficult to change
because the attitude was a trait that remains in the soul of a
person.
•This kind of attitude and the attitude of others who remain very
difficult to change because it involves values, beliefs, emotions,
and behavior of a person.
•Sears and Zanden (1984) attitude does not need to be changed,
and enough to influenced only.
•This influence is easier ways to transforming attitudes and effect
almost the same. Expected to do over and over again will
hopefully give the influence and change. One of the ways
influence is by persuasion.
• Minnick (1968) suggested that human attitudes can be
influenced and changed through persuasion because the behavior
of humans obedient from outside.
•Persuasion is defined as a conscious efforts to change the mind
and human behavior by manipulating their motives towards goals
that had been set in advance.
•A variety of persuasion can be used to change and influence
human attitudes and it was up to us to try and influence its
effectiveness.
Attitudes of Prejudice, Stereotypes and Discrimination
•In social interaction, sometimes we find someone who hates the
attitude of an individual or group without any relevance reasons.
• Bad attitudes like this is not favored by the community because it
can cause the occurrence of various social problems such as fights
between the races in our country.
•Three attitudes this will be discussed in this section is prejudice or
prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination.
• The three attitude has almost the same meaning, but in fact there
is a significant difference between one and the other.
•Baron & Byrne & (1987) define a prejudice as a negative
attitude directed against a member of a group that's just based on
their membership in that group.
• A character and personal trait of an individual who is a 'victim' is
not directly taken into account even in conflict with properties
group.
•Courage, perseverance, and the ability of sellers are not taken into
account directly, and when this happens, the male manager was
said to be prejudiced to women.
•These prejudices often associated with authoritarian personality
individuals.
• His attitude of personality characteristics of the behavior as
follows: Conformity against conventional values and a form of
behavior as a appropriate.
i.A very strong desire to adhere to other individuals in positions of
authority as leader or parents. Typically, they are aggressive and
violent,
[Link] form of mystical thought and as not so sane
[Link] people who do not have such power over himself
without making selective choices
•As an adult, he was practicing cruelty suffered by his parents, but
there is another view which states that the individual is not
prejudiced because of their authoritarian to suppress all of these
people who do not have power over him without selectively chosen.
• For individuals who are prejudiced, the violence was on a few
selected individuals or communities.
• Therefore, even though the individual authoritarian traits basis
someone prejudice, but they are not intended to be so.
•Stereotypes were defined by Storer (1980) as an attitude which
states that all members of a group have the same properties.
•The evaluated properties may be too positive or negative.
•The same time, if it believes that all the man hard and strong,
then this is also a point of view or attitude of stereotypes but
something positive in nature.
•They should have a stereotype without taking into account the
personal ability of direct a member of the group, but only the
general attitude of the group only.
• Discrimination happens when someone is practicing his attitude
on a systematic basis, by way of denying the rights and privileges of
someone else or a minority group so that other individuals or
minority groups could gain the rights and privileges of the victim's
(Storer, 1980).
•Discrimination usually is a manifestation of attitudes of prejudice,
but not necessarily on the basis of the properties
• Sometimes, someone who are unable to work because of the
possibility given something they won't be able to perform the task
well and effectively. Discrimination is not based on the attitudes of
prejudice.
•Discrimination is a manifestation of attitudes of prejudice.
•Discrimination can be done in various ways.
• The first straightforward way denying the rights of a group.
•. Discrimination is also done in a way the refusal of aid or assistance
to a person who is not his even in time of emergency.
• The third way called the discrimination practiced tokenisme. If a
company considers women are not able to do complex tasks, usually
will not employ women.
• But when the company received a candidate and give the answer
to him on the other hand the duties undertaken by women is not
equal to his Office, then the company practice tokenisme.
•The woman made a token or a reason to reject applications from
other women candidates have the ability and say that there is
already a woman who worked in a section.
• In this way the company did not reveal very prejudice and
discrimination against women.
•Action is hidden and it is more dangerous than the prejudice
displayed very honestly.
• Prejudice and discrimination against either man or woman also
known as sexism.