The Body’s Reproductive

System
 Male Reproductive System
External Structures
• Penis: external male sex organ
- Circumcised: removes some or all of foreskin
- Uncircumcised: foreskin not removed
• Scrotum: sac of skin and muscle containing testicles

Uncircumcise Circumcised
d
 Male Reproductive
System
 Male Reproductive System
Internal Structures
• Prostate: exocrine gland of male reproductive system
• Vas Deferens: tubes connecting epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
• Epididymis: organ where sperm matures
• Testicles: organ where sperm is created
• Urethra: tube that connects bladder to outside of body
• Cowper’s Gland: secretes lubricating fluid
• Seminal Vesicle: make semen (seminal fluid)
• [Link]
The Sperm Pathway
Seminal vesicles

Testes
Ejaculatory duct

Sperm
Prostate gland

Epididymis
Urethra

Vas deferens Expulsion

from the body
Male Reproductive Disorders
 Testicular Torsion

 Testicular torsion is
the twisting of the
spermatic cord,
which cuts off the
blood supply to the
testicle and
surrounding
structures within
the scrotum.
Testicular Torsion
 Prostate Cancer

 Cancer of the
Prostate

 Most Common in
African American men
over the age of 50
 Testicular Cancer
 most common cancer

in
males between the
ages of 15 and 34

 highly treatable when

Signs include… diagnosed early
 collection of fluid in the scrotum
 lump or enlargement in either testicle
 Unexplained fatigue
 Performing Testicular Self-
Exams
 Step 1: Draw a warm bath to relax the
scrotum
 Step 2: Get familiar with your body
 Step 3: Place one leg on an elevated surface
 Step 4: Use one hand to support testicle
 Step 5: Use the other hand to gently roll
testicle between thumb and index finger
Look for: Hard lumps, tenderness,
hardness of testicle or discharge of
the penis
Impotence
 Impotence is a
common problem
among men

 characterized by the
consistent inability to
sustain an erection or
the inability to achieve
ejaculation, or both.
Cause of Impotence
Inguinal Hernia
 Inguinal hernias occur
when part of the
intestine protrudes
through a weak spot in
the abdomen — often
along the inguinal
canal, which carries
the spermatic cord in
men
 Urologist
 Medical professional
 Specializes in the urinary tract of males and
females and in the reproductive system of
males
Female Reproductive
system
Female Reproductive System
External Structures
 Mons Pubis: soft mound of flesh above genitals

 Labia: lip-like structures on the outside of the vagina

 Clitoris: sex organ whose sole function is pleasure

External Organs
 Female Reproductive System

Internal Structures

Vagina: tract from uterus to exterior

Hymen: mucous membrane around vaginal opening
Cervix: lower, narrow portion of uterus
Uterus: pear-shaped organ containing growing fetus
Fallopian Tubes: pathway for egg travel during ovulation
Ovaries: egg-producing organs
Internal Female Reproductive
Organs
External Female Reproductive Organs

• All external female reproductive structures

are contained in the vulva, which is made
up of the following:
• Labia majora are the outermost, fleshy lip-
shaped folds where pubic hair grows.
• Labia minora are the inner folds within the
labia majora that cover the vagina and
urethra, the urine duct.
• Clitoris is located at the joint of the labia
minora folds and is covered with a skin
fold called the prepuce.
• Vaginal opening with two Bartholin's
glands is right below the urethra and
above the anus.
Internal Female Reproductive Organs

The internal organs of the female

reproductive tract are located in
the pelvic cavity and include the
following:
• Vagina is a stretchy, muscular tube
about 3 inches (7.5 cm) long,
extending from the vaginal opening
to the cervix.1
• Cervix is the lower part of the
uterus that connects it to the
vagina via a small hole, called the
os.
• Uterus is a hollow, expandable
organ lined with the endometrium
and located between the bladder
and rectum.
• Fallopian tubes are two, 4-inch
(10 cm) long ducts connecting the
uterus to the ovaries.2
• Ovaries are small, oval-shaped
Function of the Vagina • Vaginal walls are made of
muscles and mucus membranes,
which - along with mucus-
secreting glands - give it
its elasticity and flexibility, thus
enabling it to fulfill its functions,
such as:
• Receives the penis during
intercourse
• Allows for sperm deposition and
their passage up the reproductive
tract
• Serves as the birth canal
• Protects the reproductive tract
from pathogens
• Self-lubricates to facilitate penile
penetration
• Outside of pregnancy, the vagina
allows for menstrual blood to
leave the body.
Function of the Vulva

• All of the components of the

vulva - including the labia
majora and minora, clitoris,
and vaginal opening - work
together to fulfill their sexual
and protective functions, such
as:
• Cushion and protect the
external and internal
reproductive organs
• Participate in vaginal self-
cleansing mechanisms
• Promote lubrication and sexual
pleasure during intercourse
Function of the Ovaries

• A woman's ability to conceive

naturally lies in her ovaries, more
specifically in her ovarian reserve,
which is a lifetime supply of eggs
stored in the ovaries that can be
used during ovulation. As such,
ovaries' three main functions
include:
• Produces
reproductive hormones, estrogen an
d progesterone, which guide the
entire menstruation
• Stores ovarian eggs from birth
until menopause
• Matures the eggs during the
follicular phase of the menstrual
cycle
Function of the Fallopian Tubes

• Most segments of the fallopian

tubes are densely lined with cilia,
key, hair-like structures that enable
the tubes to serve their three main
functions, including:
• Allows for sperm passage from the
vagina through the uterus and up
near the ovary
• Serves as locus for fertilization of
the egg by the sperm in the tubal
part called ampulla
• Transports the fertilized or
unfertilized egg down to the uterus
Function of the Uterus

• The muscles that make up

the uterus allow it to expand
up to the size of a
watermelon during pregnanc
y, thus allowing it to serve
the following four functions:
• Accepts the fertilized egg's
implantation
• Nourishes the embryo until
the placenta grows and
assumes this function
• Houses the developing fetus
• Contracts to aid the baby's
passage through
the birth canal
Function of the Cervix
• Although it is technically considered the
lower portion of the uterus, the cervix
serves its own essential roles to enable
conception and subsequent pregnancy
development, including the following:
• Produces cervical mucus to aid sperm
transport up the female reproductive tract
• Opens on ovulation to give passage to the
sperm into the uterus after ejaculation
• Creates a mucus plug that prevents
pathogens from entering into the uterus and
affecting the fetus
• Dilates during childbirth to allow baby's
passage from the uterus to the vagina
• It is worth mentioning that in the case
pregnancy did not occur, the cervix opens
during menses to allow the blood and
shedding endometrium to leave the body
through the vagina.
CERVICAL DILATION
Female Reproductive Systems
Disorders
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Progressive infection—gets worse over time
• Affects fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix or
ovaries
• Can lead to long term reproductive
problems
• Symptoms include: foul-smelling discharge,
heavier than normal periods, painful
urination
• Causes: bacteria move upward from a
woman's vagina or cervix (opening to the
uterus) into her reproductive organs. Many
different organisms can cause PID, but
many cases are associated with gonorrhea
 Systemic illness: it affects the whole
body
 Caused by toxic bacterial
Ways to get it…
Using superabsorbent tampons
Wearing a diaphragm or contraceptive
sponge
Having a staph or strep infection,
especially if you have skin wounds or
healing surgical incisions
 Symptoms include: high fever, rapid
• In Endometriosis, the tissue begins to grow on the
outside of the uterus
• Causes: menstrual blood containing endometrial
cells flows back through the fallopian tubes and into
the pelvic cavity instead of out of the body. These
displaced endometrial cells stick to the pelvic walls
and surfaces of pelvic organs, where they grow

• Symptoms include: severe pelvic pain, constipation,

diarrhea
Pain when having intercourse, can cause infertility
 The Facts About Breast
Cancer
• Second Leading cause of cancer among women
(232,340 new cases a year)
• Every 3 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast
cancer. 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed in their
lifetime.
• Approximately 2,150 men will be diagnosed each
year.
• There are 2.8 million breast cancer survivors
today.
• Early detection is the best way to protect yourself
 Performing A Breast Self
Exam
First, look for changes…Then, feel
for changes
Step 1: Lie down and raise right arm
above head
Step 2: Examine area from
underarm to lower bra line; across to
breast bone; up to collar bone; back
to armpit
Step 3: Use pads of three middle
fingers of the left hand to check the
right breast, in dime-sized circles
 Gonorrhoea (Tulo)

 In men, symptoms of
gonorrhoea can include:
an unusual discharge
from the tip of the
penis, which may be
white, yellow or green.
 pain or a burning
sensation when
urinating. inflammation
(swelling) of the
foreskin.
Stage 3 of Syphilis
CHLAMYDIA