MATHS PROJECT
BY-KUNAL PANDEY
TOPIC- FAIR DIVISION CLASS-XII-B
GAMES ROLL NO.-24
1. INTRODUCTION
[Link]-1 :-THE DIVIDER-CHOOSER METHOD
[Link]-2:- LONE DIVIDER METHOD
TABLE OF [Link]-3:- ADJUSTED WINNER PROCEDURE
[Link]-4:- SEALED BIDS
CONTENT [Link]-5:- ULTIMATUM GAME
7. CONCLUSION
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Fair division is a concept that involves
dividing resources (goods, chores,
costs, etc.) among multiple parties in
a way that each party perceives their
share as fair, considering their
INTRODUC individual preferences and needs. Its
TION importance lies in its ability to resolve
conflicts, promote cooperation, and
ensure equitable outcomes in various
situations, from personal disputes to
large-scale resource allocation
GAME-1 The divider-chooser method can be used to
THE divide a continuous set when there are 2 players.
•A continuous division is when the set of goods
DIVIDER- can be divided an infinite number of ways . For
example :-pie , land , money , etc.
CHOOSER One player , the divider divides the item, and the
METHOD
second player, the chooser , chooses his own share
•Player 1:- likes strawberry and
chocolate equally
•Player 2:-only likes strawberry
CAKE:-
•STEP-1: Divider (P1) cuts
the
cake in two equal
EXAMPLE pieces
•STEP-2:-Chooser (P2)
chocolate strawberry chooses
the best piece
•STEP-3: Divider gets the
remaining piece
The lone divider method in fair division
problems utilizes basic arithmetic
GAME-2
LONE operations, particularly division and
understanding fractions. It involves a
DIVIDE single person (the divider) dividing an
object into pieces, while other
R participants (choosers) bid on which
METHO pieces they consider a fair share. The
core concept is ensuring each chooser
D receives a piece they value as at least
a fair share, and the divider receives a
fair share as well.
Three investors A,B and C are dividing a
piece of land worth $300,000 . Each
investor’s value is in thousands for each of
the three pieces of the land is shown below
PIECE-1 PIECE-2 PIECE-3
A 80 100 120
B(Divider 100 100 100
)
C 60 90 150
EXAMPLE •DECALARTIONS
A: Piece 2 and Piece 3
C: Piece 3
A received Piece 2 , C received Piece 3 and B
receives Piece 1. Everyone receives a fair share.
The adjusted winner procedure is a
fair division method that involves
GAME-3 allocating points to items. Players
allocate points to each item, and the
ADJUSTED allocation is adjusted to ensure a fair
WINNER division.
PROCEDUR - Rule: Players allocate points to
E items, and the allocation is adjusted
to ensure a fair division.
It includes Linear Equations,
Proportional Allocation, Point Systems
Two players, A and B, allocate 100 points
to 3 items: Item 1 (A: 40, B: 30), Item 2
(A: 30, B: 40), and Item 3 (A: 30, B: 30).
The procedure adjusts the allocation to
ensure a fair division.
ITEM 1 ITEM 2 ITEM 3
A 40 30 30
B 30 40 30
EXAMPLE - Let's say Player A gets Item 1 (40 points) and
Item 3 (30 points), totaling 70 points. Player B
gets Item 2 (40 points). To balance, Player A pays
Player B 15 points (70 - 40 = 30; 30 / 2 = 15). This
adjustment ensures a fair division.
The sealed bids method involves
GAME-4 players submitting bids for items. The
highest bidder gets the item and pays
SEALE their bid.
- Rule: Players submit bids for items,
D BIDS and the highest bidder pays their bid.
It includes Auctions, Game Theory,
Expected Value
LET 2 PLAYERS A AND B BID ON A BOOK.
Player A bids $10, and Player B bids $15. Player B
gets the book and pays $15.
EXAMPLE - Let's say the book's value is $12. Player B's
surplus is $3 ($15 - $12), and Player A's surplus is
$0. This method ensures a fair division based on
player valuations.
The Ultimatum Game is a game where two
players, a proposer and a responder, divide a
resource.
GAME-5 Rules:
The 1. The proposer offers a division of the
Ultimat resource.
um
2. The responder accepts or rejects the offer.
3. If accepted, the resource is divided
Game according to the offer.
4. If rejected, both players receive nothing.
It includes - Game theory ,Strategic reasonin
and Expected value
Two players, A (proposer) and B (responder), divide $100.
Step 1: Proposal
A offers a division: $60 for A and $40 for B.
Step 2: Response
B can:
1. Accept: Get $40 and Alex gets $60.
2. Reject: Both get $0.
B's Decision might consider:
3. Fairness: Is the offer fair? ($60 vs $40)
4. Self-interest: Is $40 enough?
EXAMPLE 5. Punishment: Rejecting might punish A for an unfair offer.
Possible Outcomes
6. Acceptance: B gets $40, A gets $60
7. Rejection: Both get $0.
InsightsThe Ultimatum Game reveals:
8. Fairness matters: Responders often reject unfair offers.
9. Strategic thinking: Proposers may offer more than the minimum to ensure
acceptance.
This game is widely used in economics, psychology, and sociology to study human
behavior and decision-making.
Fair division games can be analyzed using mathematical
concepts such as:
1. Game theory: Studies strategic decision-making in situations
with multiple players.
2. Proportional allocation: Ensures each player receives a fair
share based on their valuation.
3. Optimization techniques: Used to find efficient and fair
CONCLU solutions.
Mathematically, fair division games can be represented as:
SION 1. Utility functions: Representing individual preferences and
valuations.
2. Allocation rules: Defining how resources are divided.
3. Fairness criteria: Ensuring allocations meet certain standards
(e.g., proportionality, envy-freeness).
By applying mathematical models and techniques, we can better
understand and design fair division mechanisms that promote
efficient and equitable outcomes.
ARTICLES
1. "Fair Division of Indivisible Goods" by Eric Budish
(Journal of Economic Theory, 2011)
2. "The Adjusted Winner Procedure" by Steven J.
Brams and Alan D. Taylor (Journal of Economic
BIBLIOGR Theory, 1996)
Online Resources
APHY 3. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Fair Division
4. Wikipedia: Fair Division
These resources provide a solid foundation for
understanding fair division games, their
applications, and mathematical models.
I would like to acknowledge my own efforts and
dedication in researching and creating this project
on fair division games. Through self-directed
learning and exploration, I was able to develop a
comprehensive understanding of the topic and
ACKNOWL present it in a clear and concise manner.
EDGEMENT I'm grateful for the opportunity to explore and
share knowledge on this fascinating topic, and I
hope it serves as a valuable resource for others.
I'm proud of the work I've done and look forward
to continuing to learn and grow.