SE (E&TC/ Electronics)

Revised Syllabus 2019 Course

Subject: Principles of Communication
System
(Under the aegis of BoS (E&TC), SPPU,
Pune)
(18th to 20th January, 2021)
Organized by
Department of Electronics &
Telecommunication
Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri
 Unit V
Digital Representation of
Analog Signals

By
Dr. Mrs. P. Malathi
Professor and Vice Principal
DYPCOE, Akurdi, Pune
 Syllabus
• Quantization of Signals
• Quantization error
• Uniform & Non-Uniform types of Quantization
• Mid-rise & Mid-tread Quantizer.
• Companding : A-law & µ-law.
• Pulse Code Modulation system: Generation &
Reconstruction,
• Differential Pulse code modulation
• Delta Modulation
• Adaptive Delta Modulation.
Analog Vs. Digital Communication
Analog Vs. Digital Communication
1. An analog signal represents a continuous wave that keeps
changing over a time period. On the other hand, a digital
signal represents a noncontinuous wave that carries
information in a binary format and has discrete values.
2. An analog signal is always represented by the continuous
sine wave whereas, a digital signal is represented by square
waves.
3. While talking of analog signal we describe the behavior of
the wave in respect of amplitude, period or frequency, and
phase of the wave. On the other hand, while talking of
discrete signals we describe the behavior of the wave in
respect of bit rate and bit interval.
4. The range of an analog signal is not fixed whereas the range
of the digital signal is finite and which can be 0 or 1.
Analog Vs. Digital Communication
5. An analog signal is more prone to distortion in
response to noise, but a digital signal has immunity in
response to noise hence it rarely faces any distortion.
6. Easier to multiplex several digital signals than analog
signals.
7. Reproduction of digital data is more reliable without
deterioration.
8. Digital signals are easily encrypted for security
purposes.
9. Example of an analog signal is a human voice, and
example of a digital signal is the transmission of data
in a computer.
Reproduction of Digital Signal
Analog to Digital Conversion
 Quantization of Signals
• The quantizing of an analog signal is done by discretizing the
signal with a number of quantization levels.
• Quantization is representing the sampled values of the amplitude
by a finite set of levels, which means converting a continuous-
amplitude sample into a discrete-time signal.
• Both sampling and quantization result in the loss of information.
The quality of a Quantizer output depends upon the number of
quantization levels used.
• The discrete amplitudes of the quantized output are called
as representation levels or reconstruction levels.
• The spacing between the two adjacent representation levels is
called a quantum or step-size.
Quantization of Signals
 Quantization of Signals
• An N-bit A/D converter has 2^N quantization levels and
outputs binary words of length N i.e. its outputs has N-
bit values for every sample.
• For example, a 3-bit A/D system has 2^3 = 8
quantization levels, so all samples of a 1V analog signal
that is input to this A/D will be quantized into one of
only 8 possible quantization levels and each sample will
be represented by a 3-bit digital word.
• In general, the A/D converter will partition a range of
voltage from Vmin to Vmax into 2^N voltage intervals,
each of size q volts,
 Quantization error
• The difference between an input value and its
quantized value is called a Quantization Error.
• It is a type of quantization error, which usually occurs
in analog audio signal, while quantizing it to digital.
• For example, in music, the signals keep changing
continuously, where a regularity is not found in errors.
• Such errors create a wideband noise called
as Quantization Noise.
Quantization error
Types of Quantization

Quantization

Uniform Non Uniform

Quantization Quantization
 Uniform Quantization
• The type of quantization in which the quantization
levels are uniformly spaced is termed as a Uniform
Quantization.
Uniform
Quantization

Mid –rise Mid-Tread

Mid-rise Quantizer
• The Mid-Rise type is so
called because the origin
lies in the middle of a
raising part of the stair-
case like graph.
• The quantization levels in
this type are even in
number.
Mid-tread Quantizer
• The Mid-tread type is so
called because the origin
lies in the middle of a
tread of the stair-case like
graph.
• The quantization levels in
this type are odd in
number.
Non-Uniform types of Quantization
• The type of quantization in which the quantization levels are
unequal and mostly the relation between them is logarithmic, is
termed as a Non-uniform Quantization.
• In uniform quantization, the step size is equal. Therefore, in case
of small signal amplitude quantization error will be more.
• In non-uniform quantization, the step size varies according to the
signal level.
• If the signal level is low then step size will be small. So, the step
size will be low for weak signal. Thus the quantization noise will
also be low.
• In order to maintain proper signal to quantization noise ratio, the
step size must be variable according to the signal level.
Uniform & Non-Uniform
Quantization
 Companding
• Non uniform quantization can be achieved by
Companding.
• Companding refers to a technique for compressing and
then expanding an analog or digital signal. It is a
combination of the words "compressing" and
"expanding."
Companding
 Companding
• A-law Companding Technique
• Uniform quantization is achieved at A = 1, where the
characteristic curve is linear and no compression is done.
• A-law has mid-rise at the origin. Hence, it contains a non-zero
value.
• A-law companding is used for PCM telephone systems.
• µ-law Companding Technique
• Uniform quantization is achieved at µ = 0, where the
characteristic curve is linear and no compression is done.
• µ-law has mid-tread at the origin. Hence, it contains a zero
value.
• µ-law companding is used for speech and music signals.
Companding: A-law & µ-law
Pulse Code Modulation system:
Generation & Reconstruction
Differential Pulse code modulation
• PCM is not really efficient because it generates so
many bits taking up a lot of bandwidth.
• Then we can express the difference between two
adjacent samples as d[k] = m[k] – m[k-1]
• At the receiver knowing d[k] and the previous value of
m[k-1] allows us to construct the value of m[k].
DPCM Transmitter
The signals at each point are named as
−
• x(nTs)is the sampled input
• xˆ(nTs) is the predicted sample
• e(nTs)) is the difference of sampled
input and predicted output, often
called as prediction error
• v(nTs) is the quantized output
• u(nTs) is the predictor input which is
actually the summer output of the
predictor output and the quantizer
output
 DPCM Transmitter
The predictor produces the assumed samples from the
previous outputs of the transmitter circuit. The input to
this predictor is the quantized versions of the input
signal x(nTs).
Quantizer Output is represented as −
v(nTs)=Q[e(nTs)]=e(nTs)+q(nTs)
• Where q (nTs) is the quantization error

• Predictor input is the sum of quantizer output and

predictor output,
u(nTs)=xˆ(nTs)+v(nTs)
u(nTs)=xˆ(nTs)+e(nTs)+q(nTs)
u(nTs)=x(nTs)+q(nTs)
DPCM Receiver
• The block diagram of DPCM
Receiver consists of a
decoder, a predictor, and a
summer circuit.
• The predictor assumes a
value, based on the previous
outputs. The input given to
the decoder is processed and
that output is summed up with
the output of the predictor, to
obtain a better output.
 Delta Modulation
• The sampling rate of a signal should be higher than the Nyquist rate,
to achieve better sampling.
• In PCM the signaling rate and transmission channel bandwidth are
quite large since it transmits all the bits which are used to code a
sample. To overcome this problem, Delta modulation is used.
• Delta modulation transmits only one bit per sample. Here, the present
sample value is compared with the previous sample value and this
result whether the amplitude is increased or decreased is transmitted.
• Input signal x(t) is approximated to step signal by the delta modulator.
This step size is kept fixed.
• The difference between the input signal x(t) and staircase
approximated signal is confined to two levels, i.e., +Δ and -Δ.
 Delta Modulation
• Now, if the difference is positive, then approximated signal
is increased by one step, i.e., ‘Δ’. If the difference is
negative, then approximated signal is reduced by ‘Δ’ .
• When the step is reduced, ‘0’ is transmitted and if the step
is increased, ‘1’ is transmitted.
• Hence, for each sample, only one binary bit is transmitted.
Delta Modulation
Delta Modulation: Transmitter

Where e( nTs) = error at

present sample
x(nTs) = sampled signal of
x(t)
Delta Modulation: Receiver
• Receiver or delta demodulator,
it comprises of a low pass
filter(LPF), a summer, and a delay
circuit.
• The accumulator generates the
staircase approximated signal
output and is delayed by one
sampling period Ts.
• It is then added to the input signal.
• If the input is binary ‘1’ then it adds
+Δ step to the previous output
(which is delayed).
• If the input is binary ‘0’ then one
step ‘Δ’ is subtracted from the
 Delta Modulation
• Advantages of DM
• 1-bit quantizer
• Very easy design of the modulator and the
demodulator

• However, there exists some noise in DM.

• Slope Over load distortion (when Δ is small)
• Granular noise (when Δ is large)
Delta Modulation
 Adaptive Delta Modulation
• In digital modulation, we have come across certain
problem of determining the step-size, which influences
the quality of the output wave.
• A larger step-size is needed in the steep slope of
modulating signal and a smaller step size is needed
where the message has a small slope.
• The minute details get missed in the process. So, it
would be better if we can control the adjustment of
step-size, according to our requirement in order to
obtain the sampling in a desired fashion.
 Adaptive Delta Modulation
• In order to overcome the quantization errors due
to slope overload and granular noise, the step size (Δ)
is made adaptive to variations in the input signal x(t).
• Particularly in the steep segment of the signal x(t), the
step size is increased. And the step is decreased when
the input is varying slowly.
• This method is known as Adaptive Delta Modulation
(ADM).
Adaptive Delta Modulation
Adaptive Delta Modulation:
Transmitter
• The transmitter circuit consists of a summer,
quantizer, Delay circuit, and a logic circuit for
step size control.
• The baseband signal X(nTs) is given as input
to the circuit. The feedback circuit present in
the transmitter is an Integrator.
• The integrator generates the staircase
approximation of the previous sample.
• At the summer circuit, the difference between
the present sample and staircase
approximation of previous sample e(nTs) is
calculated.
• This error signal is passed to the quantizer,
where a quantized value is generated.
• The step size control block controls the step
size of the next approximation based on either
the quantized value is high or low.
 Adaptive Delta Modulation:
Receiver

• At the receiver end Demodulation takes place. The receiver has two
parts. First part is the step size control. Here the received signal is
passed through a logic step size control block, where the step size
is produced from each incoming bit.
• Step size is decided based on present and previous input. In the
second part of the receiver, the accumulator circuit recreates the
staircase signal. This waveform is then applied to a low pass filter
which smoothens the waveform and recreates the original signal.
 Adaptive Delta Modulation
• Advantages
• During demodulation, it uses a low pass filter which removes the
quantized noise.
• The slope overload error and granular error present in delta
modulation are solved using this modulation. Because of this,
the signal to noise ratio of this modulation is better than delta
modulation.
• In the presence of bit errors, this modulation provides robust
performance. This reduces the need for error detection and
correction circuits in radio design.
• The dynamic range of Adaptive delta modulation is large as the
variable step size covers large range of values.
 Difference Between
PCM, DM, ADM and DPCM
BASIS OF
COMPARISO PCM DM ADM DPCM
N
Number of It can use 4,8 or 16 It uses one bit for It uses only one bit Bits can be more
than one but are less
Bits bits per sample. one sample. for one sample. than PCM.
The number of Step size is kept Step size varies
Levels And levels depends on fixed and cannot be according to the Number of levels is
Step Size number of bits. varied. signal variation. fixed.
Level size is fixed.
Quantizatio Quantization error Slope-overload Quantization noise Slope overload
distortion and
n Error & depends on the distortion is is present but no quantization noise is
Distortion number of levels. present. other errors. present.
Highest bandwidth
is required since the Lowest bandwidth is Lowest bandwidth is Bandwidth required
Bandwidth number of bits is required. required. is less than PCM.
high.
There is no
feedback in Feedback exists in Feedback exists in Feedback exists in
Feedback transmitter or the transmitter. the transmitter. the transmitter.
receiver.
Complex system to Simple to Simple to Simple to
Complexity implement. implement implement. implement.
Thank You